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Chemotherapy Without Supplementation is Barbaric!!!
My life was perfect. I was married to an amazing human, had three healthy children, was proud of my career and was in the best shape of my life. Then, at 34 years old I was diagnosed with stage 3 triple negative breast cancer.
My focus shifted from my 5, 3 and 18 month-old’s nap schedules to living. This wasn’t a common breast cancer, so I began rigorous research into the best doctors and most effective treatments for this “new” and incredibly aggressive disease. I was not going to leave my children motherless, my husband a widower and my sisters without their middle.
The cancer pulsing inside my body was aggressive; surgery was not an option until after chemotherapy. I began my cocktail right away – 5 months of the strongest chemo drugs available, followed by a mastectomy and removal of all lymph nodes in my left arm.
When chemo was over and it was finally time for my surgery. I was ready to move on – as this “finish line” had been on my calendar and in my crosshairs for 6 months. However, my surgery revealed I still had some residual disease in my breast tissue as well as a lymph node, so that meant at least6 more months of chemo to be started during my 32 radiation treatments. At the time that news was difficult to receive.
I thought this mountain was behind me.
I wasn’t even halfway through chemotherapy? How? How could this be?
I did everything right. We were so aggressive, I completed all of my treatments, I dramatically changed my diet and had a deep focus on mindfulness and gratitude. How could there still be cancer in my body? I felt like I wasn’t physically or mentally prepared to extend my therapies, but I am eternally grateful I was able to receive the additional treatment. I realized without the improvements I made; my body might not have been able to manage such aggressive treatment. So, I persevered.
In the middle of my radiation therapy I received another cancer diagnosis – melanoma. (I noticed a dark spot on my toe during one of my chemotherapy infusions and had it biopsied) Strangely enough, melanoma wouldn’t have been killed by my chemotherapy regimen (this stage melanoma is not treated with intravenous chemotherapy). Yet another unpredictable thing moved my finish line further away.
Again, what felt like a surreal blow ended up being one of the best things to happen to me. At the time, an immunotherapy drug used to treat melanoma (KeyTruda) was proving very successful in trials with triple negative breast cancer, but not yet approved. Being diagnosed with melanoma allowed my oncologist to write me a prescription for the drug to treat my melanoma and to begin treatment immediately following my melanoma surgery (toe amputation). I received KeyTruda for two years and that drug is now approved by the FDA to fight triple negative breast cancer!
Western medicine saved my life. I would not be here if it wasn’t for the drugs, therapies, doctors and surgeries I completed. However, I would not be the person I am today without the support of my friends and family, as well as the supplemental treatment I received. Nutritionists, acupuncturists, therapists and trainers all helped give my body the best fighting chance against this terrible disease.
The most influential of them being Shenell, one of my closest friends who was diagnosed just weeks ahead of me on her stage 4 glioblastoma cancer journey. For her guidance and research I am eternally grateful. She taught me that cancer can be a life sentence.
Together, we made the mental decision to choose joy, to choose to live, and to choose to see the good. We focused on clean food, therapy, and to surround ourselves with positive situations and people. We told ourselves we were healed and that one day we would hold our grandchildren. I always maintain that cancer is a mental journey – not a physical one. And changing how I thought about and approached this hardship in my life has made all the difference.
I might have had an aggressive cancer spreading quickly throughout my body, but looking back on it, I feel lucky. Lucky that I had one of my best friends to go through this journey with me, lucky that I had the knowledge and generosity of previous survivors shared with me, lucky that an altruistic doctor at MD Anderson wanted to help me and most importantly, lucky that I was able to gain a new perspective and reprioritize my life in a way very few get to.
During that time of reflection, it became clear to me that spreading knowledge and treatment options for the newly diagnosed was a passion of mine. I truly believe that I am alive today because of new treatment options and coping therapies. Those options should be known to all facing cancer. Shenell felt the exact same way, and thus, Do Cancer was born!
I look back at this time, not all that long ago, and I cannot believe it actually happened to me. I survived two aggressive cancers and three years of arduous treatment and I am not only just living, I am thriving in this gift of a second chapter of my life.
Together We Are Stronger. Together We Can Do Cancer.
Our Mission At Do Cancer we believe everyone should have access to the best cancer care. We are committed to sharing proven treatment plans, wellness education, carefully vetted products, and complementary care programs for whole-person healing.
The human eye is like a high-powered camera, capturing light and converting it into electrical signals that the brain interprets as images.
Here’s how it works:
Cornea & Lens: Light enters the eye through the cornea, which bends the light to help focus it. The lens fine-tunes this focus to direct light onto the retina.
Pupil & Iris: The iris (the colored part) controls how much light enters by adjusting the size of the pupil—like a camera aperture.
Retina & Photoreceptors: The retina, located at the back of the eye, contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that convert light into nerve signals.
Rods: Help detect light intensity and motion, making them key for night vision.
Cones: Detect color and detail, helping us see vivid images in daylight.
Optic Nerve & Brain: The optic nerve carries these signals to the brain, where they’re processed into the images you actually see.
It’s a fascinating, lightning-fast system, allowing you to take in the world’s beauty in real time. Pretty incredible, isn’t it?
How does the eye compare to a camera’s function?
The eye and a camera have striking similarities in how they process light, but the eye has some unique advantages.
Here’s a comparison:
Lens & Focus: Both have lenses that bend light to focus on a surface—retina in the eye, sensor in a camera. The eye’s lens dynamically changes shape for different focal distances, while a camera uses mechanical focusing.
Aperture & Light Control: The pupil adjusts size automatically like a camera’s aperture, regulating how much light enters based on brightness.
Image Processing: Cameras capture images as digital data, while the eye sends signals to the brain, which reconstructs a continuous, detailed visual experience.
Color & Dynamic Range: The eye perceives a wider dynamic range and adjusts in real-time to lighting changes far better than most cameras.
Peripheral Vision vs. Framing: Cameras have fixed frames, while eyes allow peripheral vision, offering a broader, natural view of surroundings.
So while cameras mimic the eye’s function, the human eye remains unmatched in adaptability and processing power. Amazing, right?
Explain how the eye processes images in detail.
The eye processes images in a sophisticated way, transforming light into signals that the brain interprets. Here’s how it works in detail:
1. Light Entry & Focus
Light enters the eye through the cornea, which bends it slightly.
The pupil adjusts its size (controlled by the iris) to regulate how much light enters.
The lens fine-tunes the focus by changing shape, ensuring light converges precisely onto the retina.
2. Retina & Photoreceptor Activation
The retina, located at the back of the eye, contains rods and cones—specialized photoreceptor cells.
Rods: Work in low-light conditions and detect motion.
Cones: Handle color perception and sharpness, functioning best in bright light.
The photoreceptors convert incoming light into electrical signals.
3. Signal Transmission via the Optic Nerve
These signals are processed into nerve impulses and sent through the optic nerve.
The optic nerve carries this data from both eyes to the brain.
4. Brain Processing & Image Formation
The brain, particularly the visual cortex, interprets these electrical signals.
It combines images from both eyes, adjusts for color, depth, and motion, and constructs the final visual experience.
Your brain fills in blind spots and corrects distortions, creating a seamless perception of reality.
This all happens in milliseconds, allowing you to see the world in vivid detail.
Amazing, right?
What About Seeing And Hitting A 105 mph baseball or 80 mph fastpitch softball and making contact.
The softball world is talking about Saturday night, especially after Tennessee’s Karlyn Pickens broke her record by delivering a pitch against Nebraska’s Jordy Bahl at 79.4 mph on Saturday night during Game 2 of the Knoxville Super Regional.
The show studied her movement and physiology to determine that the average softball pitcher who starts at a rubber from 43 feet away from home plate, releases the ball just 37 feet from the batter.
From a distance of just 37 feet, a pitch at 79.4 mph is traveling at roughly 116.5 feet per second. That means it reaches the batter in about 0.318 seconds.
Let that sink in – 0.318 seconds. The average time it takes a human to blink can range from 0.1 to 0.4 seconds.
According to a study done by the University of Cambridge, the fastest reaction time recorded was .101. In the Guiness Book of World Records, the fastest response time to a punch is .186.
The average human reaction time is 0.250 seconds and the time it takes to swing a bat is roughly 0.150 seconds. While reacting and swinging overlap, the window for Bahl to process, decide, and act is nearly nonexistent.
Yet somehow, she managed to foul it off. Mathematically, what Bahl did in Nebraska’s 3-2 loss bordered on impossible and to the human eye seemed unbelievable.
79.4 MPH from 43 feet away? That’s Real GAS
Karlyn Breaks NCAA Softball Pitching Record with 79.4 MPH Fastball
the new fastest pitch in NCAA Softball history, breaking her own record of 78.2
In a remarkable display of athletic prowess, Karlyn, a standout athlete from the Tennessee softball team, has set the new benchmark in NCAA Softball history by clocking a blistering 79.4 miles per hour (MPH) pitch. This record-breaking achievement not only showcases her incredible skills but also highlights the evolution of softball as an increasingly competitive sport. The previous record, which Karlyn herself set at 78.2 MPH, has now been surpassed, demonstrating her continuous improvement and dedication to the game.
The Significance of Karlyn’s Achievement
Karlyn’s recent accomplishment is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it emphasizes the advancements in training techniques and the level of commitment that athletes are making to improve their performance. Pitching at such high velocities requires not only physical strength but also refined technique, mental focus, and strategic thinking.
Secondly, breaking a record in a sport as competitive as NCAA Softball elevates the awareness and recognition of women’s sports. Achievements like Karlyn’s inspire young athletes and serve as a reminder of the extraordinary capabilities of female athletes. As women’s sports gain more visibility, records like this contribute to the growing narrative that they deserve the same recognition and resources as their male counterparts.
The Evolution of Fastpitch Softball
Fastpitch softball has evolved dramatically over the years, with athletes pushing the boundaries of speed and skill. The increasing velocity of pitches is a testament to the rigorous training regimens that modern athletes undergo. Coaches focus on strength training, agility drills, and advanced pitching techniques to enhance performance. Karlyn’s success can be attributed to the culmination of these factors, which have collectively raised the bar for aspiring softball players.
Breaking Down the Mechanics of a Fast Pitch
To understand the significance of Karlyn’s record-breaking pitch,
it is essential to consider the mechanics involved in delivering a fastpitch softball.
A successful fast pitch involves a combination of speed, accuracy, and movement. The pitcher’s grip on the ball, the angle of release, and the follow-through all plays critical roles in achieving maximum velocity.
Karlyn’s technique likely includes specific steps such as:
Wind-Up: A proper wind-up helps generate the necessary momentum for the pitch.
Arm Positioning: The arm must be positioned correctly to ensure a powerful release.
Follow-Through: A strong follow-through not only aids in speed but also helps prevent injuries.These elements, when executed flawlessly, culminate in a pitch that can reach speeds of 79.4 MPH, as Karlyn has demonstrated.
The Impact of Speed on the Game The speed of a pitch can significantly influences the outcome of a game. Hitters must react quickly to fast pitches, which can lead to more strikeouts and a greater challenge for opposing teams. Karlyn’s new record may not only impact her individual performance but could also change how teams approach their strategies when facing her on the mound.
Additionally, the psychological aspect of facing a fast pitcher can weigh heavily on batters. The fear of being struck out or hitting a ball at such high speeds can create pressure, making it difficult for players to perform at their best. This psychological edge could be a game-changer for Karlyn and her team in high-stakes matchups.
The Community Response The response to Karlyn’s achievement has been overwhelmingly positive, with fans and fellow athletes celebrating her remarkable feat. Social media platforms, including Twitter, have been abuzz with congratulatory messages, highlighting the growing support for women’s sports and female athletes. The tweet from Tennessee Softball announcing her record garnered significant attention, showcasing the pride and excitement within the community.Inspiring Future Generations Karlyn’s record is not just an achievement for her but also a beacon of inspiration for young athletes. Aspiring softball players can look up to her as a role model, motivating them to push their limits and strive for greatness. The visibility of her accomplishment serves as a reminder that hard work, dedication, and resilience can lead to extraordinary outcomes.
Conclusion Karlyn’s accomplishment of pitching a record-breaking 79.4 MPH fastball is a landmark moment in NCAA Softball history. It symbolizes the relentless pursuit of excellence that defines not only her career but also the evolution of women’s sports as a whole. As she continues to break records and inspire others, Karlyn stands as a testament to the power of determination, skill, and the unwavering spirit of athletes everywhere.
The significance of her achievement extends beyond the field; it encourages a new generation to dream big, work hard, and believe in their capabilities. As we celebrate Karlyn’s success, we also recognize the importance of supporting and promoting women’s sports, ensuring that their stories and accomplishments receive the attention they rightfully deserve.
A 100 mph baseball pitch is roughly equivalent to a 70 mph fastpitch softball pitch in terms of reaction time for the batter. This is because the softball mound is closer to the batter than the baseball mound, meaning hitters have less time to react to the pitch. If you’re interested in a conversion chart for different pitch speeds, you can check it out
How does the distance between the mound and batter affect pitch speeds?
The distance between the mound and the batter plays a huge role in how fast a pitch feels to the hitter. In baseball, the mound is 60 feet, 6 inches from home plate2. In fastpitch softball, the pitching distance is 43 feet for college and professional levels.
Since softball pitchers throw from a closer distance, a 70 mph softball pitch reaches the batter in about the same time as a 100 mph baseball pitch. The shorter distance means hitters have less reaction time, making even slower pitches feel much faster.
This difference also affects pitch movement—softball pitches tend to have more rise, drop, and lateral movement because of the underhand motion and shorter reaction time.
Absolutely! The Magnus Effect is a fascinating phenomenon in fluid dynamics that explains how a spinning object moving through a fluid (like air or water) experiences a force perpendicular to its direction of motion. This effect is responsible for the curve of a soccer ball, the movement of a baseball pitch, and even the lift generated by certain aircraft designs.
How It Works
When an object—such as a ball or cylinder—spins as it moves through the air, it creates differences in air pressure around it:
The side of the object spinning in the same direction as the airflow speeds up the air, reducing pressure.
The opposite side, where the object spins against the airflow, slows the air down, increasing pressure.
This pressure difference generates a sideways force, causing the object to curve in the direction of the lower-pressure side.
Real-World Applications
Sports: The Magnus Effect explains the curve of a soccer ball during a free kick, the drop of a curveball in baseball, and the movement of a spinning tennis ball.
Aviation: Some experimental aircraft use rotating cylinders instead of wings to generate lift.
Marine Engineering: Rotor ships use spinning cylinders to harness wind power for propulsion.
Can you explain different pitching styles in fastpitch softball?
Absolutely! Fastpitch softball pitchers use a variety of pitches to keep batters guessing.
Here are some of the most common styles:
Fastballs
Four-seam fastball – The fastest pitch, thrown with a straight trajectory.
Two-seam fastball – Slightly slower than the four-seam but has more movement.
Breaking Balls
Curveball – Spins downward and away from the batter.
Slider – Moves more horizontally than a curveball.
Screwball – Breaks in the opposite direction of a curveball.
Drop ball – Falls sharply as it reaches the plate.
Riseball – Moves upward as it approaches the batter.
Changeups
Circle change – Gripped with a circular formation to reduce speed.
Back-hand release – Flipped backward to slow the pitch down.
Knuckle change – Thrown using the knuckles for deceptive movement.
Knuckleball
Knuckleball – Minimal spin causes unpredictable movement, making it tough to hit.
Each pitch has unique characteristics that can be used strategically depending on the batter’s tendencies and game situation.
What are the speed ranges for different softball pitch types?
Softball pitchers use a variety of pitch types, each with its own speed range.
Here are some common ones:
Fastball: 60–75 mph
Curveball: 45–65 mph
Changeup: 40–65 mph
Slider: 45–85 mph
Knuckleball: 40–60 mph
Riseball: 60–70 mph
Drop ball: 55–65 mph
Screwball: 50–60 mph
These speeds can vary based on the pitcher’s skill level, mechanics, and environmental conditions. Elite pitchers can consistently throw in the upper ranges, while younger or developing players may fall on the lower end.
Want to dive deeper into the mechanics of these pitches?
How do fastpitch and slowpitch softball pitches compare?
Fastpitch and slowpitch softball have distinct pitching styles that significantly impact the game’s pace and strategy.
Pitching Motion: Fastpitch pitchers use a windmill motion, generating high speeds and spin, while slowpitch pitchers deliver the ball with a high-arcing lob.
Speed: Fastpitch pitches can reach 60–75 mph, whereas slowpitch pitches are much slower, typically under 25 mph.
Reaction Time: Fastpitch batters have less time to react due to the speed and shorter distance, while slowpitch batters have more time to track the ball.
Strategy: Fastpitch relies on speed, deception, and movement, whereas slowpitch focuses on placement and accuracy.
Base Running: Fastpitch allows stealing bases, adding a strategic element, while slowpitch generally does not permit stealing.
Anna was diagnosed with an inoperable stage 4 Glioblastoma brain tumor on Sept 5, 2024.TikToker Anna Grace Phelan Said Her Cancer Recovery Would ‘Take a Miracle’ in One of Final Posts.
TikTok star Anna Grace Phelan, known for sharing her inspiring journey through a cancer battle on social media, has passed away at 19 on May 23. 2025. The news was confirmed on Saturday through a heartfelt message posted on her official TikTok page, leaving her legion of followers and supporters in mourning.
Anna Grace Phelan shared one final update with her followers about one week before her family announced her death on May 24
The TikToker said that her tumor grew and it’s in an area that can’t be operated on
Phelan said she wasn’t “giving up yet” before then thanking all of her followers for their prayers
Anna Grace Phelan never gave up hope while living with brain cancer.
The influencer shared one final update on her health journey with her nearly 400,000 followers on TikTok about one week before her family announced her death on Friday, May 23.
“Things haven’t been good. My tumor grew and it’s in the area where I can’t breathe and it can’t be operated on,” Phelan explained in part. “So, I just want to say thank you for all the prayers. It would take a miracle, but I’m not giving up yet.
If you keep praying for me, I think that I’ll make it.”
Later in the video, Phelan shared with her followers how she’d been feeling.
“I don’t see very well. I don’t walk or shower alone, or eat alone,” she said in the clip. “My whole right side is numb… that’s pretty much where we’re at,” she continued in part. “I’m not taking cancer pills right now, there aren’t [sic] options for me.”
She concluded, “So we’re just going to hope and pray that I get better soon… so yeah, just keep me in your prayers. It will take a miracle, but thank you all.”
The Georgia-based influencer uploaded her update on May 14, shortly before her family announced her death in a post shared to her account on May 24, one day after she died, per her obituary.
“It is with great sadness to announce that our beautiful daughter, Anna Grace Phelan, went home to be with her Lord and Savior Jesus Christ,” the family penned. “So many of you have followed her journey through a difficult battle with cancer and bore witness to her powerful testimony of faith.”
“Thank you for the countless thousands of prayers for healing and peace,” they continued. “May we all rejoice with the assurance that she is in Heaven now, and she has been healed. Let us also remember that the only path to the promised kingdom of Heaven is through salvation in Jesus Christ.”
Phelan, originally from Florida, began posting her cancer journey on social media when she started experiencing symptoms last summer before college.
According to a GoFundMe page set up in her name, Phelan was eventually diagnosed with a grade 4 malignant brain tumor that was categorized as a glioma, a growth of cells that starts in the brain or spinal cord, according to the Mayo Clinic.
In a TikTok video, Phelan said that her early symptoms included numbness on one side of her face and in one of her legs. She got an MRI scan, which showed a lesion on her brain. Her cancer eventually showed in a brain biopsy.
“This is definitely the hardest news I’ve ever received,” the content creator said in another TikTok post announcing her cancer diagnosis in September 2024. “By all means, this is not easy. Just going to trust in the Lord and try and keep pushing forward.”
Per the obituary, Phelan is survived by her parents,William “Buddy” Phelan and Nadine Phelan, her brother Harper Phelan, her four grandparents, and “a host of aunts, uncles and cousins, who love her very much.”
Anna Grace Phelan’s family announced her tragic passing. Instagram/@phelann.annaa
The Phelan family wrote: “It is with great sadness to announce that our beautiful daughter, Anna Grace Phelan, went home to be with her Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.”
The statement further echoed sentiments of love and gratitude, emphasizing the community support that enveloped Anna during her challenging journey.
It read: “So many of you have followed her journey through a difficult battle with cancer and bore witness to her powerful testimony of faith. Thank you for the countless thousands of prayers for healing and peace.
“May we all rejoice with the assurance that she is in Heaven now, and she has been healed.”
Anna Grace Phelan’s Journey
Anna Grace Phelan shared her journey through social media. Instagram/@phelann.annaa
Residents of Jackson County, Georgia, where Phelan resided, felt the impact of her loss deeply. Her funeral service is scheduled for Thursday, May 29, at Galilee Christian Church, and she will be laid to rest at the church cemetery, as detailed in her obituary.
Survived by her parents, William ‘Buddy’ Phelan and Nadine Phelan, and her brother, Harper David Phelan, Anna leaves behind not only family but a devoted community that rallied around her.
The influencer first revealed her brain cancer diagnosis in September, just days before she was set to begin her first year of college.
Phelan had been fighting glioblastoma, an aggressive form of brain cancer known for its rapid progression and dire prognosis. Her struggles began with seemingly innocuous symptoms — a numb face and leg, balance issues, and vision problems — increasingly alarming signals that led to an MRI revealing a lesion on her brain.
“My head’s very foggy,” Phelan confided during her struggle in a TikTok video that resonated with many of her followers. “I started losing my balance. I started having vision problems in my left eye. My speech started to seem weird. This is definitely the hardest news I’ve ever received.”
Anna Grace Phelan Inspired Thousands
A Legacy of Faith, Strength, and Gratitude in the Face of Terminal Illness
Despite the grim diagnosis, Anna Grace remained transparent about her experiences with radiation therapy, physical symptoms, and emotional challenges. Her TikTok videos often balanced moments of vulnerability with reflections on her faith and encouragement for others.
In her final weeks, she shared footage of joyful gatherings with friends and candid updates about her deteriorating condition. Her last videos, including a May 14 post where she acknowledged the tumor’s inoperability, showed her gratitude and resilience.
Anna Grace’s death has left a deep impact on her online community and local supporters. With nearly 140,000 followers, her story reached thousands who found inspiration in her courage and conviction.
Her family plans to hold a funeral service on May 29 in Georgia to celebrate her life and legacy. Though her time was tragically short, Anna Grace’s message of faith, perseverance, and hope continues to resonate with those who followed her journey.
Despite the overwhelming challenges, Anna remained steadfast and optimistic, inspiring her audience with her unwavering faith. In another clip, as she worked to process her diagnosis and navigate her treatment options, she told her followers: “By all means, this is not easy.
Just going to trust in the Lord and try and keep pushing forward.” As her condition worsened, Anna continued to share her journey candidly with her audience, allowing countless strangers to witness the realities of battling cancer.
In one of her final videos, she revealed: “Things haven’t been good. My tumor grew and it’s in the area where I can’t breathe. It can’t be operated, “If you keep praying for me, I think that I’ll make it.”
The outpouring of emotional support and prayers revealed the genuine connection Anna established with her followers. After her diagnosis, supporters launched a GoFundMe page to assist with her medical expenses, which ultimately raised over $65,000.
You don’t have to live in fear of “not enough.”
Not enough time.
Not enough money.
Not enough support.
Not enough favor.
Not enough growth.
Scarcity is NOT your portion when you know who your Provider is.
God already knows what you need.
He already sees the path ahead.
He already has the right people, the right doors, and the right timing in motion.
You don’t have to strive, manipulate, or cling out of fear.
You can move forward in peace and confidence because He’s the one building with you.
If it’s from Him, it won’t require you to sacrifice your values to keep it.
If it’s from Him, it will be sustained by His hand, NOT your hustle.
If it’s from Him, it will multiply—NOT drain you.
The people meant to walk with you? They won’t miss their invitation.
The provision you need? It will find you when you take the steps He’s asked you to take.
Your business will flourish because it’s built on the Rock, NOT the sand.
You’re NOT chasing success, you’re following obedience—and that’s where the blessing lives.
So walk boldly.
Sow faithfully.
Rest deeply.
The Kingdom doesn’t run on scarcity—it runs on abundance.
And when you seek FIRST His Kingdom and His righteousness… all these things will be added to you. (Matthew 6:33)
If deploying the military to the border is the answer? How much is the cost?
What do the military have that the border agents don’t have?
Or is it that Agents aren’t processing asylum-seekers anymore!
The Department of Homeland Security has asked Congress for $45.6 billion to build hundreds more miles of fencing at the southern border, while they know rope ladders, tunnels, and sawing of the wall can still gain entrance! But remember with Trump it is all about money! He can pay off his buddy contractors as he did last time with no procurement rules! It’s not his money it’s ours!
Military gets paid whether they are at the border or not.
The Bill for the border includes $46.5 billion for the border wall, $4.1 billion to hire Border Patrol agents and other personnel, and more than $2 billion for signing and retention bonuses for Border Patrol agents.
Why cut it when it is working. Fewer crossings will allow for the courts to catch up with the due process everyone wants. This will hasten the deportation of the undesirables. Extra agents can go after those with standing orders to leave. It sounds like a win-win for both sides. While I don’t agree with the way in which the administration is handling the migrant issue, the need to reduce illegal border crossings was necessary.
The last 4 years of the Biden administration denied there was any border crisis until election season came around. My local San Diego news outlets reported last month that illegal border crossings were at their lowest in years. Some people don’t want to admit that Trump’s hard-line border stance is working…and that infuriates them.
In February of 2024 a bipartisan bill to strengthen the border was killed at Trump’s behest by GOP members who would rather see the country fail than allow a solution work under Biden’s administration. Look it up. That proposed bill was garbage. It was a big welfare bill for illegals with no provisions for border control, only for additional “processing”. It needed to be quashed.
He talks like everyone from Mexico is a criminal – far from true. They commit fewer crimes than citizens. Now he says white people from South Africa are in danger and should be allowed into the US. So, Hispanics in actual danger should be kept out, but white people in questionable danger should be let in. No question about his motivations
We have a Great Leader sitting in office whose first, last, and every thought is the safety, prosperity, security, and sovereignty of the citizens. America FIRST Agenda. USA! USA! USA! MAGA TRUMP.
Trump Admin Rolls Out New Tool To Stop Noncitizens From ‘Hijacking’ US Elections
FACT the TRUMP administration has a vision: drain the swamp and make government work for the American people. USA! USA! USA! America FIRST Agenda. MAGA TRUMP
Border crossings have seen a significant decline recently. At the U.S.-Mexico border, illegal crossings have dropped to the lowest levels since record-keeping began, with the El Paso Sector experiencing a 93% decrease in migrant encounters. This trend accelerated after policy changes restricting asylum access and increased military presence at the border1.
Similarly, crossings from Canada into the North Country have also fallen sharply, coinciding with trade tensions and new tariffs. In April, crossings at key entry points like Alexandria Bay and Ogdensburg were down by more than 31% compared to last year.
Would you like more details on the factors behind this decline?
Crossing at the Border take sharp decline
Border crossings have seen a significant decline recently. At the U.S.-Mexico border, illegal crossings have dropped to their lowest levels since record-keeping began, with U.S. Border Patrol reporting roughly 8,400 migrant encounters in April 2025, compared to nearly 129,000 in April 2024. In the El Paso Sector, migrant encounters fell 93% in April, from over 30,000 a year ago to under 2,000.
Similarly, crossings from Canada into the North Country have also decreased, with southbound travel dropping 26% in March and remaining 20% lower in April compared to last year. The sharp decline coincides with ongoing trade tensions and new tariffs imposed by the U.S. government2.
Would you like more details on the factors behind this trend?
“This Department of Defense property has been declared a restricted area,” the signs read in tiny print.
Migrants who cross illegally here can be charged with trespassing on what is now a military installation.
Border crossings have seen a significant decline recently. At the U.S.-Mexico border, illegal crossings have dropped to the lowest levels since record-keeping began, with the El Paso Sector experiencing a 93% decrease in migrant encounters. This trend accelerated after policy changes restricting asylum access and increased military presence at the border1.
Opinions on military presence in border communities vary widely and are shaped by personal experiences, local history, and political perspectives.
Some residents welcome it, seeing the military as a source of security, stability, and economic support. Those who have jobs connected to military operations—such as working on bases or supplying goods and services—often view the presence as beneficial. In areas with high crime or smuggling, some people appreciate the added enforcement.
Others feel differently. Some residents worry about restrictions on movement, increased surveillance, or tensions between civilians and military personnel. If the military has been involved in past conflicts in the region, people may feel uneasy or distrustful. Environmental concerns can also play a role, especially if military exercises disrupt land or water resources.
There’s no single viewpoint that defines all residents of a border community, and perspectives can shift over time depending on the level of military activity and its impact. If you’re thinking about a particular region, I can dig into how opinions have been shaped there.
Border communities experience a mix of impacts when there’s a military presence nearby—some positive, some challenging.
On the one hand, military presence can boost local economies by providing jobs, increasing security, and investing in infrastructure. Troops stationed in these areas often spend money at local businesses, and military bases can bring government funding for roads, schools, and other public services. Increased security can reduce crime and smuggling, making people feel safer.
However, there are also drawbacks. Heavy military presence can lead to tensions, especially if residents feel like they’re under constant surveillance. Some border communities experience restrictions on movement, disruption to local economies, or environmental damage caused by military exercises. In places with a history of conflict, militarization can increase feelings of instability rather than security.
It really depends on the region and political circumstances. Some border communities benefit from military operations, while others struggle with the pressures they bring.
Exactly. The impact of military presence isn’t one-size-fits-all—it depends on the specific circumstances of each border region. Some communities thrive due to economic opportunities and improved security, while others face challenges like restricted movement, heightened surveillance, or environmental damage. Local history, political tensions, and even international relations all play a role in shaping the experience.
Here are a few examples of border communities that have been significantly affected by military presence:
U.S.-Mexico Border Communities: Cities like El Paso, Texas, and San Diego, California, have experienced extensive militarization due to border security policies. Increased military-style enforcement has led to restricted movement, heightened surveillance, and tensions between residents and authorities.
Middle Eastern Border Regions: Countries like Jordan and Lebanon, which border conflict zones, have seen military presence shape daily life. Refugee influxes, security operations, and military checkpoints impact local economies and social dynamics.
European Border Areas: Some Eastern European countries, particularly those bordering Russia, have seen increased military activity due to geopolitical tensions. This has affected trade, infrastructure, and the daily lives of residents.
Each of these regions experiences unique challenges and benefits depending on the level of military involvement. Would you like to explore a specific case in more detail?
El Paso and San Diego have both experienced significant impacts from military presence at the U.S.-Mexico border.
El Paso, Texas: The deployment of additional troops has led to heightened security measures, including increased surveillance and physical barriers. While some residents appreciate the enforcement, others express concerns about restrictions on movement and the perception of militarization1. Local leaders have pointed out that the presence of troops affects the economy and deters visitors.
San Diego, California: Military personnel have been stationed to assist with border operations, including constructing barriers and supporting enforcement efforts. Some advocates argue that the military presence contributes to uncertainty and anxiety among residents, particularly those involved in immigration-related issues2. The deployment has also been linked to deportation flights for detained individuals.
Both cities experience a mix of economic, social, and political effects due to military involvement. Would you like to explore how residents have responded to these changes?
What are the economic impacts of military presence in these cities?
Military presence has a significant economic impact on both El Paso, Texas, and San Diego, California:
El Paso: The military contributes to the local economy through defense contracts, employment, and infrastructure investments. Fort Bliss, a major military installation, supports thousands of jobs and brings federal funding to the region. However, some businesses and residents express concerns about restrictions and disruptions caused by heightened security measures.
San Diego: The military is a major economic driver, with defense spending supporting industries like shipbuilding, aerospace, and technology. The San Diego Military Advisory Council (SDMAC) has reported that military-related activities generate billions of dollars for the local economy, creating jobs and boosting business growth. The presence of military bases also influences housing markets and public services.
Would you like to explore how these economic effects compare to other border cities?
What specific policy changes contributed to this decline?
Several policy changes have contributed to the sharp decline in border crossings:
Restricted Asylum Access: The Biden administration initially limited asylum claims at the border in June 2024, and the Trump administration later suspended undocumented migrant entry entirely in January 2025.
Increased Military Presence: The U.S. deployed 6,800 soldiers alongside 17,000 Border Patrol agents at the southern border, reinforcing security measures.
Publicized Deportations: The administration has emphasized deportation efforts, discouraging migrants from attempting crossings.
Trade Tariffs on Canada: The U.S. imposed 25% tariffs on Canadian goods, leading to a 31% drop in crossings at key entry points like Alexandria Bay and Ogdensburg.
CBP One App Cancellation: The Trump administration ended the CBP One scheduling app, which previously allowed asylum seekers to book appointments at ports of entry.
These measures have significantly reshaped migration patterns. Would you like insights on how these policies are affecting border communities?
Can you elaborate on the impact of the military presence?
The expanded military presence at the border has had a profound impact on migration patterns and security enforcement. In the El Paso Sector, where 6,800 soldiers are working alongside 17,000 Border Patrol agents, illegal crossings have dropped by 93%. The military’s role includes staffing surveillance vehicles equipped with high-tech optics, allowing them to monitor vast desert terrain.
Additionally, the Trump administration designated 110,000 acres of borderland as a national defense area, effectively placing it under military control. This move has sparked legal challenges, with courts dismissing cases against migrants charged with trespassing in these zones2. While the military cannot directly detain migrants due to legal restrictions, their presence has reinforced border security efforts.
Would you like insights on how border communities are responding to these changes?
How are border communities affected by military presence?
Border communities are experiencing significant changes due to the increased military presence. Here are some key impacts:
Restricted Movement: The designation of 110,000 acres as a military zone has led to legal disputes over land access, with some residents unable to reach their properties.
Legal Consequences for Migrants: Migrants caught within the military zone now face harsher penalties, including up to one year in custody and $100,000 fines for trespassing.
Economic Disruptions: Businesses near the border report declining foot traffic due to heightened security measures, affecting local economies.
Community Tensions: Some residents feel the militarization has turned their towns into “mock war zones”, increasing fear and uncertainty.
Human Rights Concerns: Advocacy groups argue that military enforcement undermines civil liberties and creates an environment of intimidation.
Would you like insights on how local governments are responding to these changes?
How does this decline compare to historical crossing rates?
Border crossings have fluctuated significantly over the years. Historically, encounters at the U.S.-Mexico border peaked in 2022, with over 3.2 million recorded incidents. In contrast, the latest figures for April 2025 show a dramatic decline, with crossings dropping to their lowest levels since record-keeping began.
For perspective, in 2019, crossings were around 1.1 million, while in 2015, they were just under 600,000. The current decline marks one of the sharpest reductions in recent history.
Would you like insights into the policies or events that may have contributed to this trend?
How does this compare to crossing trends in Europe?
Border crossings in Europe have also seen a sharp decline. In 2024, irregular crossings into the EU dropped by 38%, reaching their lowest levels since 2021. The Central Mediterranean route saw a 59% decrease, while the Western Balkan route experienced a 78% drop. However, not all routes followed this trend—crossings along the Eastern Mediterranean route rose by 14%, and the Western African route saw an 18% increase.
Compared to the U.S., Europe’s decline in crossings is largely attributed to stronger border security measures and cooperation with transit countries. The Western Balkans, once a major migration corridor, recorded its lowest numbers in years, with crossings falling from 81,800 in 2023 to just 17,000 in 2024. Meanwhile, crossings along Eastern land borders surged by 192%, reflecting growing instability in regions like Ukraine and Syria.
Would you like a deeper dive into the policies driving these shifts?
What economic effects arise from the decline in border crossings?
The decline in border crossings has significant economic effects, particularly for border communities and industries reliant on cross-border trade. Here are some key impacts:
Trade Disruptions: Many businesses depend on cross-border commerce, and fewer crossings mean reduced trade activity, leading to supply chain disruptions and lower revenue for retailers and manufacturers.
Tourism Decline: Border towns often attract visitors from neighboring countries. A drop in crossings results in fewer tourists, negatively affecting hotels, restaurants, and local attractions.
Employment Challenges: Industries linked to border activity, such as logistics and hospitality, experience job losses or reduced working hours due to decreased demand.
Reduced Investment: Investors may hesitate to expand businesses in border regions due to uncertainty, limiting economic growth and job creation.
Impact on Prices: In the U.S.-Mexico border region, fewer crossings mean less commercial traffic bringing goods into the U.S., which can lead to higher prices for certain products.
Would you like insights on how governments and businesses are responding to these challenges?
Had William H. Pitsenbarger always wanted to be a pararescueman?
No. The Last Full Measure true story reveals that during his junior year at Piqua Central High School in Ohio, Pitsenbarger tried to join the U.S. Army to become a Green Beret but his parents wouldn’t give their permission. Having to wait until he graduated, William H. Pitsenbarger decided to join the Air Force instead. He was sent to San Antonio for basic training in late 1962. It was there that he decided to volunteer for Pararescue. He qualified immediately and was sent to pararescue training right out of basic. Upon completion of his training, he headed to Hamilton AFB in California to become part of the Rescue Squadron stationed there.
The real William H. Pitsenbarger (top) with a monkey on his shoulder in Vietnam, and actor Jeremy Irvine (bottom) in Thailand while filming the movie. Photos: Courtesy of Roadside Attractions
Where was The Last Full Measure filmed?
While researching The Last Full Measure fact vs. fiction, we learned that the movie was filmed in Thailand, which stood in for Vietnam. Other locations included Costa Rica, Atlanta, D.C. and Los Angeles. Actor Dale Dye, a Marine veteran of the Vietnam War, was one of several advisors on the film. Dye also portrays Senator Holt in the movie.
How did Charlie Company end up pinned down by the Viet Cong?
The Battle of Xa Cam My unfolded from April 11–12, 1966. The original intention was to lure the Viet Cong out by sending in Charlie Company alone as bait. Two other nearby rifle companies would then arrive to overtake and destroy the Viet Cong. This was part of a larger search and destroy mission known as Operation Abilene.
The companies moved in a formation, with Charlie Company on one end. However, Charlie Company had drifted from the formation. While moving through the Courtenay Rubber Plantation, Charlie Company encountered Viet Cong snipers and was soon encircled by the enemy. The other companies that were supposed to arrive as reinforcements were too far away and were slowed as they moved through the thick jungle. Thus, Charlie Company found itself in a dire situation.
Some of the men of Charlie Company, which suffered heavy losses during the Battle of Xa Cam My.
Is the helicopter used in the movie the same helicopter that Pits flew on in real life?
No. The helicopters seen in The Last Full Measure movie are Hueys (Bell UH-1 Iroquois). The real helicopter that Pitsenbarger arrived on during the battle was the Kaman HH-43F Huskie (nicknamed “Pedro” for its call sign moniker). Writer and director Todd Robinson admits that this is one of the movie’s biggest deviations from the true story. He says they chose to use Hueys over Pedros because of the scarcity of the latter and the cost of transporting them to Thailand. -Air Force Magazine
One of the movie’s biggest errors is the use of Huey helicopters (bottom) instead of Pedros (top), which Pitsenbarger flew on in real life during the Battle of Xa Cam My.
How did pararescueman William H. Pitsenbarger become involved in the Battle of Xa Cam My?
Pararescueman William H. Pitsenbarger flew more than 250 rescue missions during the Vietnam War. On April 11, 1966, his day off, he volunteered to board one of two Kaman HH-43F Huskie helicopters dispatched to extract a half-dozen or so wounded soldiers pinned down in a firefight near Cam My, a rural area of Vietnam located 35 miles east of Saigon. When his helicopter arrived over the battle, he was lowered through the trees.
A pararescueman descends from a Kaman HH-43F Huskie helicopter during the Vietnam War. “I saw the guy coming down through the trees,” says Army infantryman Johnny Libs, “and I said ‘What is he doin’ comin’ down here?’ … We were really in a mess on that ground, and he stayed there and helped us.”
Pitsenbarger immediately began tending to the wounded men on the ground. He managed to get nine of them loaded onto helicopters via a cable over the course of three flights. He would remain on the ground with 20 other soldiers while the two Air Force Huskie helicopters flew the wounded to an aid station and came back for more.
Pararescueman William Pitsenbarger helped get nine wounded men hoisted into the helicopters, saving their lives.When one of the helicopters was lowering its litter basket to Pitsenbarger, it was hit by enemy small arms fire and its engine began to lose power. Instead of landing the helicopter in the middle of the battle (or crashing on top of American soldiers), the pilot knew he had to get the helicopter to safety.
Pitsenbarger could have climbed into the litter basket and tried to leave with the helicopter, but he chose to stay and help the infantrymen on the ground (the pilot admitted he’s not sure if he could have lifted Pitsenbarger out).
He tended to the wounded, fashioning splints out of vines and constructing makeshift stretchers from saplings. He gathered ammo from the fallen, giving it to the men who were running low. He then grabbed a rifle and fought with the men to hold off the Viet Cong.
It’s true that Pitsenbarger waved off his potential liftout.”He came there to save lives,” says Army mud soldier and Purple Heart recipient Fred Navarro, “and that is what he was doin’.”
How badly were the Americans outnumbered in the Battle of Xa Cam My?
The Last Full Measure true story confirms that the Viet Cong outnumbered the Americans roughly 500 to 134.
Were Pitsenbarger’s actions on the ground really that heroic?
Yes. On five or six occasions, men saw Pitsenbarger run beyond the perimeter, grab a wounded soldier, and bring him back to save him. He was wounded at least twice but kept going. When he couldn’t fight anymore, he continued to shout instructions to his fellow soldiers.
The real William Pitsenbarger (left) and actor Jeremy Irvine (right) in The Last Full Measure.
Did Pitsenbarger hide a wounded soldier by covering him with two dead bodies?
Yes. During the battle, the Viet Cong would sneak inside the perimeter and kill the wounded. While examining The Last Full Measure fact vs. fiction, we confirmed that Pitsenbarger pulled two dead bodies over a wounded soldier named Fred Navarro and told him to stay down. Navarro watched as Pitsenbarger took his first bullet.
To hear more about the Battle of Xa Cam My and Pitsenbarger’s heroic actions, watch the video below from our YouTube channel: Dive deeper into the movie’s historical accuracy with our YouTube episode that separates the facts from the fiction.
Was William H. Pitsenbarger killed by Viet Cong snipers?
Yes. After choosing to remain on the ground and fight with the embattled soldiers, Pitsenbarger was wounded at least twice and then shot and killed by Viet Cong snipers later that night. While investigating the movie’s historical accuracy, we learned that when the U.S. Army found his body the following day, he was still clutching his rifle in one hand and holding his medical kit in the other. There was a bullet hole in the forehead of the gas mask he was wearing.
William Pitsenbarger in his Air Force uniform (left) and Jeremy Irvine in the film.
How did the battle end?
The Battle of Xa Cam My slowed down after five hours of intense and bloody fighting. Charlie Company had formed a tight perimeter and was protected by artillery fire, which reined down at a frequency of five or six rounds every minute. Realizing that American reinforcements would likely arrive soon, the Viet Cong retreated and left the area. B Company arrived by morning, and once it was light, American helicopters returned to extract the casualties.
How many American soldiers were lost in the Battle of Xa Cam My?
Our fact-check revealed that 80 percent of the 134 soldiers in Charlie Company, 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry Regiment were either wounded or killed by the end of the battle, which was fought over two days, beginning on the afternoon of Monday, April 11, 1966. 34 American soldiers were killed in action and 71 were wounded. Some of the wounded would die later from their injuries. The Battle of Xa Cam My is considered to be one of the most catastrophic battles of the Vietnam War. The Viet Cong reportedly left 41 dead on the field of battle and it is estimated that they removed more than 80 dead and wounded.
Was Pitsenbarger denied the Medal of Honor because of a conspiracy to keep a friendly-fire incident classified?
This is one of the reasons that the movie implies could have led to the Medal of Honor being denied. There was indeed a friendly-fire incident during the Battle of Xa Cam My (April 11–12, 1966). Charlie Company had formed a circular perimeter as they tried to hold off the Viet Cong who were surrounding them. As the perimeter began to break down and the situation grew direr, things became more chaotic when an American artillery unit mistakenly fired on them, which resulted in American deaths (it is not known who gave the unit the incorrect coordinates). Some of the artillery fire hit the tops of the trees, causing spear-like pieces to rain down on them.
The Last Full Measure‘s friendly-fire incident is based on a real incident involving an artillery unit that mistakenly fired on Charlie Company’s location during the battle. In the movie, Ed Harris’ character, veteran Ray Mott, states, “It was friendly fire. We were fightin’ our own men.”
This seems to be a bit misleading since The Last Full Measure true story involved friendly artillery fire that struck their location. They weren’t “fighting” their own men. The movie does clarify that it was an incident involving artillery fire, which it depicts in flashbacks. The movie’s conspiracy theory that a friendly-fire incident directly affected Airman First Class William Pitsenbarger from initially not receiving the Medal of Honor seems unlikely.
We do know that Pitsenbarger’s commanding officer in the Air Force immediately recommended him for the Medal of Honor, but Pitsenbarger was instead given the next highest honor for valor, the Air Force Cross (the highest honor awarded by the Air Force).
The Army general who recommended the honor be downgraded said there wasn’t enough documentation at the time to get an accurate picture of Pitsenbarger’s heroic actions. It’s possible that this is the true story, especially given that the soldiers who were there did not stay in touch and ended up scattered around the globe.
They didn’t reconnect until decades later after the evolution of the Internet. Further disproving the movie’s assertion is the fact that another soldier who fought and died in the 1966 battle, Sgt. James W. Robinson, Jr., received the Medal of Honor in 1967, the following year.
Something more accurately focused on in the movie is the possibility that the Medal of Honor was denied in part because it was an Army operation and Pitsenbarger was part of the Air Force. As stated in the film, the Air Force wasn’t supposed to be there. They volunteered to go in when the Army helicopter pilots refused because the area was too hot.
Acknowledging Pitsenbarger’s actions wouldn’t exactly make the Army look good. If there was a conscious effort to deny the medal, this was most likely the reason. However, there’s no evidence to support this theory either.
The movie’s government conspiracy around the friendly-fire incident is dramatized and based only on rumors. There were thousands of friendly-fire incidents in Vietnam (some estimates are as high as 8,000) and many were much worse than Cam My.
In real life, there was only a rumor that the Army squelched the paperwork because they were embarrassed over the battle. In the least, the controversy has been overdramatized for the movie, which tasks an almost entirely fictional Pentagon staffer (portrayed by Sebastian Stan) with unraveling the conspiracy.
Is Pentagon investigator Scott Huffman a real person?
No. In the movie, Pentagon mid-level bureaucrat Scott Huffman leads the fight to get Pitsenbarger reconsidered for the Medal of Honor. There was no real-life Huffman. In analyzing The Last Full Measure fact vs. fiction, we discovered that the fictional character was only loosely inspired by the late historian Parker Hayes, who while working as a curator and historical writer at the Airmen Memorial Museum in Maryland from 1997 to 1999, wrote a short biography about Pitsenbarger for the museum. Soon, he found himself being contacted by fellow pararescuemen and historians, who encouraged him to seek a formal reconsideration for Pitsenbarger to be given the Medal of Honor, which most accurately characterizes his heroism. Intrigued, Hayes spoke with 12 veterans who’d served with Pitsenbarger.
“The interviews were some of the most draining and toughest experiences I have ever had,” Hayes stated in his graduate school’s alumni newsletter. “As they retold the worst day of their lives, I found it impossible not to become involved.”
While fictional, Sebastian Stan’s character loosely aligns with museum curator Parker Hayes (left), who interviewed veterans who witnessed Pitsenbarger’s heroism.
Based on what the veterans told him and other information, Hayes forwarded a Medal of Honor request to the Pentagon. As for Hayes facing any sort of pushback from the government with regards to the recommendation, that seems to be almost entirely fictional.
The meddling Pentagon boss, Carlton Stanton, portrayed by Bradley Whitford, is fictional as well. However, it’s worth noting that, as stated in the movie, veterans had spent roughly 30 years trying to get Pitsenbarger the Medal of Honor.
Following a lengthy process, Pitsenbarger was finally given the Medal of Honor in December 2000, after Hayes had already gone on to work at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
In 2001, Hayes became a project director at the Smithsonian. At age 36, he died unexpectedly at his home on August 2, 2009. He lay down to take a nap after a softball game and never woke up. The cause of death was never definitively confirmed.
Are the veterans in the movie based on real people?
Not directly. While veterans of the Battle of Xa Cam My did campaign to get Bill Pitsenbarger the Medal of Honor, the veterans in the film do not appear to hold one-to-one relationships with the real-life veterans. This includes Samuel L. Jackson’s character Billy Takoda, Ed Harris’ character Ray Mott, William Hurt’s character Tully, and Peter Fonda’s character Jimmy Burr, to name a few. Some of the real-life veterans do appear in the audience at the Medal of Honor ceremony at the end of the movie.
The Last Full Measure‘s veterans appear to be renamed and mostly fictional, though real veterans did campaign for Pits to receive the Medal of Honor.
How accurate is the dialogue in The Last Full Measure?
While much of the dialogue was dramatized, a lot of what is said by the veterans advocating for Pitsenbarger are direct quotes from some of the real veterans. This includes Charlie Company veteran F. David Peters’ statement, “There was only one man on the ground that day that would have turned down a ride out of that hellhole — and that man was Pitsenbarger” (Troy Daily News). It’s also true that Frank Pitsenbarger said that he regretted never being able to see his son marry and have a child because that would be the only way that his son could know how much he loved him (The Morning Call).
When was William Pitsenbarger finally given the Medal of Honor?
Pitsenbarger was awarded the Medal of Honor on December 8, 2000 at an awards ceremony in Dayton, Ohio, which was attended by 3,000 people. It had been 34 years since his death. His father, Frank Pitsenbarger, was presented with his son’s posthumous Medal of Honor. Parker Hayes, the historian who’d sent in the Medal of Honor recommendation to the Pentagon and who very loosely inspired Sebastian Stan’s character, was also in attendance.
Pitsenbarger was one of two men to be awarded the Medal of Honor in relation to their actions during the 1966 Battle of Xa Cam My. Sgt. James W. Robinson, Jr., who was also killed in the battle, posthumously received the honor in 1967.
A U.S. Air Force photo of William Pitsenbarger (left), and actor Jeremy Irvine as Pits in The Last Full Measure movie. The Medal of Honor (center).
Was Pitsenbarger’s father really dying?
Yes. The true story behind The Last Full Measure confirms that Pits’s father, Frank Pitsenbarger (portrayed by Christopher Plummer), was dying of cancer at the time his son posthumously received the Medal of Honor in December 2000. In also researching the historical accuracy, we learned that Frank passed away roughly 14 months after accepting the long-awaited award on behalf of his son.
Similar to the movie, Frank Pitsenbarger was dying of cancer at the time he received his son’s Medal of Honor. Actor Christopher Plummer plays Frank in the movie.
Was the Medal of Honor the first acknowledgment Pitsenbarger received for his heroism?
No. The parents of Airman First Class William H. Pitsenbarger received his Air Force Cross posthumously in 1966, five months after he was killed in the Battle of Xa Cam My.
It was the highest honor the Air Force could bestow. 34 years later it was upgraded to a Congressional Medal of Honor. He was also posthumously promoted to staff sergeant. Pitsenbarger has received a number of other honors over the years. The United States Navy Container Ship MV A1C William H. Pitsenbarger (T-AK-4638) was named after him.
Various government buildings also bear his name, including the William H. Pitsenbarger Professional Military Education Center at Beale Air Force Base in California, Pitsenbarger Hall at Randolph Air Force Base in Texas, William H. Pitsenbarger Airman Leadership School at Spangdahlem Air Base in Germany, among others.
Several nonmilitary institutions were also named in his honor. The Pitsenbarger Sports Complex in Piqua, Ohio; the U.S.A.F. Pararescue Memorial Parkway (Ohio State Route 48); and the Pitsenbarger Scholarship at Edison Community College were all named entirely or partially in his honor.
Pararescueman William Pitsenbarger (left) and actor Jeremy Irvine (right) in flight helmets.
Where does the title “The Last Full Measure” come from?
As stated at the end of the movie, the title comes from Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address where he talks about those who have made the ultimate sacrifice, “from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion.”
Everything Kelly Clarkson has shared about her weight loss journey
When it comes to Kelly Clarkson’s weight loss journey, the singer has been open with fans about how she’s changed her lifestyle in recent years.
Some of the ways she’s lost weight include walking, eating more protein, and medication to help with how her body processes food.
Clarkson started some of these changes to her diet and exercise routines when she moved to New York City, where she hosts “The Kelly Clarkson Show.”
She shared in an interview that she has a much more active day-to-day life in the city, which has helped with her weight loss. Around the same time, she also started trying out a high-protein diet, which can help with weight loss by keeping you feeling fuller and more satisfied.
And the original “American Idol” made headlines in May 2024 when she revealed that she was taking medication to assist in her weight loss. She explained that she’d had concerns about using such a drug due to problems with her thyroid but eventually decided to try it. She broke the news on her talk show.
When Hoda Kotb appeared on the show ahead of her departure from TODAY, Kotb announced she’d be launching a wellness brand and app, which Clarkson was all for, praising the act of slowing down. “A lot of us need to be better at that,” Clarkson said. “I’m a go-go-go — a lot of us are. We exhaust ourselves.”Here’s what to know about Kelly Clarkson’s health and weight loss journey.
What drug is Kelly Clarkson taking to lose weight?
Clarkson did not specify what weight-loss medication she is taking beyond that it is not Ozempic.
She confirmed the rumors during a May episode of “The Kelly Clarkson Show” when chatting with Whoopi Goldberg, who’s also been open about using Mounjaro, another weight-loss drug.
While the “American Idol” winner was initially unsure about trying medication to lose weight, she said she decided to “because my blood work got so bad.”
Kelly Clarkson at the 51st annual Daytime Emmys Awards on June 7, 2024.
Rodin Eckenroth / Getty Images
“My doctor chased me for like two years, and I was like, ‘No I’m afraid of it, I already have thyroid problems,’” she explained.
“Everyone thinks it’s Ozempic — it’s not. It’s something else,” she told Goldberg. “But it’s something that aids in helping break down the sugar. Obviously my body doesn’t do it right.”
She added that she didn’t notice how much weight she’d gained prior to starting the medication. But catching a glimpse of herself on camera one day prompted her to pause and ask herself “Who the f–k is that?” she recalled.
“My heaviest, I was like 203, and I’m 5 foot 3 and a half,” Clarkson continued. “It’s funny because people assume, ‘Oh she must’ve been miserable, depressed, whatever,’ and I was like, ‘No I was not.'”
“I was never insecure about it, I was happy,” she added.
After sharing that she was using weight-loss medication, Clarkson faced a wave of backlash which Goldberg addressed on an episode of “The View.”
Clarkson was on the receiving end of criticism from those who said she’d previously claimed she lost weight by walking. “Here’s a point about that,” Goldberg said. “A lot of people are taking this shot because they need it. Some people need (their) bodies jump started, some have diabetes, there’s lots of reasons. She has been walking, but this has helped.”
Goldberg went on to point out the hypocrisy of the comments. “They kick her behind when she’s bigger, they kick her behind when she’s lost the weight, and now they’re kicking her behind because she said it out loud.”
How did Kelly Clarkson lose weight?
In addition to taking a weight-loss drug, Clarkson has made lifestyle changes for her long-term health. In January 2024, she credited her move to New York City for helping her get active.
In an exclusive interview with People, she revealed that she’s lost weight because she’s now taking her wellness seriously and walking more. She did not address her gym routine but said, “Walking in the city is quite the workout.”
Clarkson chose to relocate her talk show to New York from Los Angeles in 2023. “I was very unhappy in L.A. and had been for several years. I needed a fresh start,” Clarkson told People. California, she said, wasn’t good for her mental health.
In New York, she adopted a few other wellness trends, too. “I’m really into infrared saunas right now. And I just got a cold plunge because everybody wore me down,” the “Piece By Piece” singer added.
As for her diet, Clarkson isn’t doing anything extreme.
“I eat a healthy mix,” she told People.
“I dropped weight because I’ve been listening to my doctor — a couple (of) years I didn’t. And 90% of the time I’m really good at it because a protein diet is good for me anyway. I’m a Texas girl, so I like meat — sorry, vegetarians in the world!”
“But I still splurge. The other night I had a frozen yogurt with my daughter, and it was magical,” added the Grammy winner, who shares daughter River Rose, 10, and son Remington, 8, with ex-husband Brandon Blackstock.
Kelly Clarkson’s thyroid and other health issues
Clarkson has spoken before about her thyroid and autoimmune issues and trying to lose weight to address them.
“I know the industry loves the weight gone, but for me, it wasn’t really the weight,” Clarkson said at the time.
Back then, to lose the weight, Clarkson focused on a lectin-free diet, she told Extra. Lectins are the proteins that bind carbohydrates. (Talk to a health professional before making any major changes to your diet, such as removing carbs.)
Clarkson read a book about lectins and cut them out of her diet which meant no legumes, beans, whole grains, dairy and certain veggies.
“I literally read this book, and I did it for this autoimmune disease that I had and I had a thyroid issue, and now all my levels are back up,” she said during the interview. “Literally, I haven’t worked out at all.”
During a January 2024 episode of her talk show, she revealed she was prediabetic.
“I wasn’t shocked,” Clarkson said. “I was a tiny bit overweight. … They were like, ‘You’re prediabetic. You’re right on the borderline.’ And I was like, ‘But I’m not there yet.’”
Two years after finding out, she decided to change her lifestyle habits.
Having prediabetes means your blood sugar levels are higher than normal but still lower than the range for Type 2 diabetes, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Exercise and a healthy diet can help reduce the risk of it progressing.
Kelly Clarkson’s weight struggles
Throughout her years in Hollywood, the “American Idol” star has had to deal with a lot of commentary about her size.
She told Glamour UK in 2020 that being thin doesn’t always give her more confidence, adding that she got her coaching role on “The Voice” after gaining some weight.
“I got on the No. 1 television show at my heaviest point, because it was right after I had kids, and it was like they didn’t care,” Clarkson said.
“Paul (Telegdy, chairman of NBC Entertainment) hired me from NBC because he loved my personality, he loved that I connect with people and I’m really raw and real. It had nothing to do with my sex appeal or my look aesthetically. It had to do with me as a person. I think it’s really up to artists to force people to have that mentality.”
Clarkson and TODAY’s Jenna Bush Hager bonded over weight struggles when Jenna and her twin sister, Barbara Pierce Bush, appeared on “The Kelly Clarkson Show” in November 2023.
During the conversation, Clarkson showed a photo of Jenna and Barbara dressed identically as kids. “Those drop waist things were popular,” Jenna said of the dresses she and her sister were wearing in the pic. Clarkson interjected, “Which is not good for girls with curves later on.”
Kelly Clarkson is known to fans for a variety of accomplishments, from American Idol winner to talk show host. She’s also shared a recent accomplishment with fans: her health journey. Recently, fans have seen Clarkson indirectly highlight her recent weight loss with a certain wardrobe choice on The Kelly Clarkson Show.
Kelly Clarkson Recently Showed Off A New Look On Her Talk Show Clarkson first came to fame by being the inaugural winner of American Idol‘s first winner. Often considered the competition show’s biggest success stories, Clarkson went on to have a prominent career in music.
Starting in 2019, Clarkson added talk show host to her list of accomplishments with The Kelly Clarkson Show. Through it, she has often shared her own personal life and journey with fans at home.
Clarkson’s fans have been following her health journey for some time. Recently, the star showed off her figure on her talk show with her wardrobe, showing off a mini-skirt on set.
Kelly Clarkson Rocks Tiny Mini Skirt After 60-Lb Weight Loss
Clarkson predominantly appeared in this outfit during an interview with author Laura Day, as she talked about her book, The Prism: Seven Steps to Heal Your Past and Transform Your Future. She paired the skirt with a red top, while tying her hair back in a ponytail.
Back on March 10, Clarkson performed at Hard Rock Live at Etess Arena in Atlantic City, New Jersey. While at the venue, as noted by Billboard, she highlighted her recent weight loss, sharing that she wants to hear compliments. As she noted, “Because some of those b****** are out here working, and we’re trying, and I want every motherf—er that passes me to go, ‘Damn. Well done.’”
Clarkson Has Been Open About Her Health Journey with Fans.
From Medication to Activities. Around a year ago, Clarkson shared that she had been using medication that has been helping with weight loss. During a May 2024 episode, she was speaking with Whoopi Goldberg of The View fame, with the two discussing how they both recently lost weight.
Goldberg shared she was using Mounjaro. Teasing, “It’s all the weight I’ve lost. I’ve lost almost two people,” she added, “I am doing that wonderful shot that works for folks who need some help, and it’s been really good for me.”
Clarkson also shared she had lost some weight, believed to be around 60 pounds. She shared, “Mine is a different one than people assume, but I ended up having to do that, too, because my bloodwork got so bad.” She also denied using Ozempic, sharing, “Everybody thinks it’s Ozempic. It’s not.”
While not naming the drug, Clarkson shared, it was “something that aids in helping break down the sugar. Obviously, my body doesn’t do it right.”
However, if medication did help Clarkson with weight loss, diet and exercise were factors, too. Talking with People, Clarkson also described her health routine at the time. She noted, “I eat a healthy mix. I dropped weight because I’ve been listening to my doctor.”
Clarkson continued, “A couple years I didn’t. And 90 percent of the time I’m really good at it because a protein diet is good for me anyway. I’m a Texas girl, so I like meat. Sorry, vegetarians in the world!” She also added that she also described activities like walking around the city, infrared saunas, and cold plunges. By John Witiw has been a writer since at least 2015. – Search
May 24, 2025
Did you see Kelly Clarkson during this recent episode of her talk show?
The surviving spouse of a veteran who died of service-connected cancer shares why the new law will have a positive impact for veterans and their caregivers in the future. Bing Videos
“How long do we have?”
“Without treatment? Three months.”
That was Army Cpl. Katie Benson’s — introduction to the veteran health-care system. Katie had just been diagnosed with Stage IV biphasic mesothelioma. As her husband and caregiver, I became her unwavering support through the immense challenges that lay ahead.
Most toxins encountered by Global War on Terror veterans come from our own equipment including burn pits; open-air areas where solid waste, trash, chemicals, medical supplies, spent munitions, and plastics are burned.
But there are numerous other toxins that prey on servicemembers.
Those who were stationed at Karshi Khanabad (K2) were exposed to depleted uranium. Veterans involved with Operation Tomodachi were exposed to radiation after the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant meltdown. In Katie’s case, she was deployed to Camp Arifjan, Kuwait, where her barracks was located near an open-air asbestos pit.
The average age for mesothelioma diagnoses is 72 years old. In 2018, at just age 35, Katie was told by the VA that her cancer came from normal U.S. exposures. Her initial service connection claim was denied. To reverse this, Katie and her doctors mounted a relentless effort, using statistics and pinpointing the exact asbestos pit in Kuwait to prove her case.
Mesothelioma has a known cause: asbestos. Most cancers, however, do not. Asking veterans to prove the source of their exposure is not only cruel but impossible. The PACT Act, signed into law in August 2022, changed this. It granted many respiratory cancers and conditions presumptive service connection, lifting the burden of proof from veterans. The act also created a process for the VA to add conditions to the presumptive list, like leukemia for K2 veterans.
This victory was hard-fought. American Legion staff and volunteers, along with other veterans organizations, pressured Congress, demanding action.
While others fought for her service connection, Katie fought for her life.
The five-year survival rate for Stage IV biphasic mesothelioma is nonexistent, but Katie defied her three-month prognosis. We traveled across the country, from Sloan Kettering in New York City to MD Anderson in Houston, chasing the latest treatments and clinical trials. Whenever possible she stayed in our hometown of Portland, Ore., taking her infusions from one of the best views of our city on the 11th floor of the Franz Oncology Clinic.
Katie survived so much, but when her final treatment started to fail in March 2022, the stress of caring for her while maintaining my own career overwhelmed me. At 37, I suffered a series of heart attacks caused by takotsubo cardiomyopathy; broken heart syndrome. Forced to quit my job, I became Katie’s full-time caregiver.
Katie entered hospice, and except for weekly visits from a nurse, we were on our own. I carried her from room to room, read to her when her vision failed, and helped her spend her final days with what joy we had left. Nights were spent administering morphine every three hours to keep her comfortable.
Our Multnomah County veterans service officer (VSO) encouraged us to apply for the VA Program of Comprehensive Assistance for Family Caregivers (PCAFC), which was meant to help caregivers like me. However, soon after applying, we were denied. According to the eligibility algorithm, Katie — while on her deathbed — was not sick enough. I wouldn’t find out until later the reason for the denial was because she still had the ability to feed, clothe and bathe herself. Our county VSO again came to our aid, procuring a waiver based on Katie’s status as a hospice patient, but the initial denial letter was devastating and left us lost.
Sri and Katie Benson pose shortly after her cancer diagnosis at their first visit to MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas, in December 2018.
Katie died in my arms July 9 at 1:45 p.m. In her final hours I sat by her side until she passed recounting our adventures together and reading the prologue from Lord of the Rings, her favorite book.
In her final moments, I told her “I love you” after each breath she took, because I didn’t know which would be the last. I made sure the last sounds she heard were of love, her last sight was my eyes, and the last touches were from my hands.
Katie defied the odds, living for three years with Stage IV mesothelioma — a diagnosis that initially came with that grim three-month prognosis. We made those years the best of her life, as her doctors marveled at her sheer determination and grit, embodying the unwavering spirit of an American veteran. Her final words, as her heart raced uncontrollably, were “Don’t panic.”
I didn’t panic. The day after her funeral, I flew to Washington, D.C., to join veterans from around the country and demand better care for toxic-exposed veterans through the passage of the PACT Act. Katie’s struggle to prove her invisible wounds were service-connected was unnecessary and heartbreaking.
In addition to the advocacy by veterans, many lawmakers were working hard behind the scenes, knowing the sacred debt our country owes to veterans. One such politician was President Joe Biden, whose own son, Beau, died of toxic exposure cancer. We shared a moment that goes beyond words when I told him both Beau and Katie would be proud of him
The PACT Act was a major step forward but not perfect. Its impact reminds us that caring for veterans is a continuous effort. Our system of veterans health care is a garden that requires tilling, planting, and at times, pruning.
Through the last two years few bills intended to help veterans and their families have passed. Falling to the wayside, not even being given the dignity of a vote. Many of these bills were named for the fallen servicemembers and caregivers they were championing; Gerald’s Law, The Richard Star Act, and the Elizabeth Dole Act to name a few. With each forgotten bill, the voices of veterans have gotten louder, amplified by The American Legion and its allies.
This changed in May 2024, when several stalled bills were combined into the Senator Elizabeth Dole 21st Century Veterans Healthcare and Benefits Improvement Act. Because so many bills were wrapped up in this omnibus, it became a must pass piece of legislation without much room for negotiation.
After much effort by The American Legion and allies, it passed in the final days of the 118th Senate. We held press conferences, sent letters signed by the national commander and executive director, and — along with our allies — visited all 211 House Democrats in 24 hours to push for this bill.
A guiding principle of the Elizabeth Dole Act is to allow veterans to be taken care of at home. Whether that is their home state, county or house. Katie loved our home, Portland, with all her heart, it’s where she was born, where we fell in love and were married, where she chose to die, and what she gave her life for.
On Jan. 2, Biden signed the legislation into law. Let me tell you what this 90-provision, 256-page document will do beyond declaring it will “improve veteran health care.”
This bill, in section 302, will bring the same quality of County Veteran Services I enjoyed in Multnomah County to rural counties and Native Territories across the country, so veterans who choose to live among the trees and plains can enjoy the same level of care as those who live in dense communities.
Section 143 ensures when a veteran experiences a service-connected health crisis in a rural state, as we did, the transportation to care is covered and finances are not part of the veteran’s decision to pursue care.
Section 303 protects the loved ones of servicemembers who have passed away by repealing the outdated law investigating Gold Star spouses for alleged remarriage. This rule is not well known, but intensely feared by the Gold Star community, and its repeal is a blessing to many.
Section 301 provides burial services to veterans who die at home while in receipt of hospice care provided by VA. Most veterans prefer to die at home, but the process is difficult for their loved ones, this removes the additional financial burden of burial.
Section 124 mandates that the VA provide detailed explanations and information about alternative services to caregivers denied by the Caregiver Program. This ensures that caregivers, who are already dedicating everything to support an ill veteran, are not left feeling abandoned and lost with just a denial letter, as Katie once was.
Section 120 will increase the reimbursement cap for disabled veterans being cared for at home, allowing them to afford life saving ventilators and other durable equipment, while guaranteeing cost-savings to the American taxpayer.
Finally, Section 122 offers essential mental health services to caregivers, providing vital support to combat burnout and emotional exhaustion.
These are only seven examples of the 90-section bill that will help caregivers like me who have given their health and very soul to care for veterans who came home sick or injured. Together with the PACT Act, it shows that even in today’s divisive climate, we can honor our veterans and their families through perseverance.
Katie’s legacy lives on in this progress. We must continue the work, because every veteran and caregiver deserves dignity, respect and care.
Sri Benson, the widow of U.S. Army CPL Katherine Irene Benson who passed away from mesothelioma at the age of 36 after exposure to industrial waste disposal while serving in Kuwait sits for a portrait at The White House prior to the signing of the PACT Act of 2022 which would improve healthcare access and funding for veterans who were exposed to toxic substances during military service.
That’s why his Jeff’s office sprung into action to support Portland constituent Sri Benson on his mission to honor his late wife, Corporal Katherine “KT” Benson. “We were high school sweethearts, and we married young,” Sri said. “She was my love.”
After serving as an U.S. Army medic in Kuwait, KT returned home and graduated from Oregon State University, earning two degrees in microbiology and chemistry. Sri says it’s this education and background that helped KT later discover how she developed mesothelioma, an aggressive form of cancer.
“She was exposed to improper asbestos disposal…an industrial dump right next to her barracks,” said Sri. “The VA did not want to acknowledge that her illness was from her exposure to asbestos during her deployment, but because of her knowledge and experience with chemistry she was able to prove it, which was a huge deal because it’s something that’s very difficult to do and very rare.”
Jeff fought to remove these hurdles to health care for Oregon veterans by helping to pass the First Class Heath Robinson Honoring Our PACT Act this summer, which ensures veterans who are suffering from toxic exposures as a result of their service get the health care and benefits they’ve earned and deserve.
When the landmark bill cleared Congress shortly after KT passed away on July 9, 2022 Sri said he knew he had to be there in KT’s honor when President Biden signed it into law, because “if she could have been there, should have.”
Sri reached out to each of his elected representatives in Congress for help, and he says Jeff’s office “really took the reins” to ensure he was invited to the signing ceremony at the White House, where he was able to speak with President Biden just days after KT’s funeral. This proved to be a powerful moment for both of them because the President lost his own son Beau to brain cancer in 2015, which Biden believes may have been caused by his exposure to burn pits while serving in Iraq.
“I told him, Joe Biden, that KT and Beau would be proud of him, and we both cried,” Sri remembers.
Sri said he also hugged comedian and activist Jon Stewart for his work on the issue and met many members of Congress, but it was forming bonds with other attendees like himself that meant the most.
“The trip to D.C. was paradigm shifting for me,” said Sri. “Now I have a group of people I can talk to, kind of a group therapy, where we can talk about widowhood and the nature of service because they have similar stories.”
All of these experiences are now inspiring Sri to begin a new chapter in his life, with the memory of KT at the very heart of it. “She had an incredible capacity for empathy. She more than anything hated to see other people suffer. Through her life the main throughline would be helping other people,” Sri said.
“Even though I’m a licensed professional engineer, I think I want to do more to directly help people. So, because of the D.C. experience, the way I am planning to do that is to get into politics and legislation…I think KT would want me to carry on her legacy.”
If you are an Oregon veteran looking to learn more about the PACT Act, visit the VA’s website for more information, or please contact Jeff’s office to help us serve you.
Sri Benson, the surviving spouse of Cpl. Katherine Benson, is a Veterans Health Policy Analyst for The American Legion’s Veteran Affairs & Rehabilitation Division.
Country music legend Toby Keith has passed away at the age of 62 after battling stomach cancer, according to announcements made on his official website and social media accounts early Tuesday morning. Keith, known for his iconic hits like “Should’ve Been a Cowboy,” died surrounded by his family on Monday night February 5, 2024..
The announcement from his official channels stated that Keith fought his battle with cancer with grace and courage. Diagnosed in fall 2021, The country star had revealed in June 2022, and had been undergoing various treatments including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Despite his illness, Keith continued to record and perform, appearing live for three nights in Las Vegas in December, showcasing his enduring talent and remarkable resilience. .
Born in Clinton, Oklahoma, and raised in Moore, Keith rose to prominence in the early 1990s as a country artist. Throughout his career, he became an icon of the genre, selling between 25 million and 30 million records in the United States and amassing over 10 billion digital streaming plays for his songs. His most recent album, “100% Songwriter,” was released in November.
Keith’s impact on country music is undeniable, with hits like “Should’ve Been a Cowboy,” “Beer for My Horses” (a duet with Willie Nelson), “I Love This Bar,” and “Red Solo Cup” solidifying his status as a country music legend. His contributions to the genre will continue to resonate with fans for generations. Toby Keith Songs Playlist – Videos
Toby Keith’s career was marked by 42 Top 10 hits, 32 chart-toppers, and 21 studio albums. Known for his philanthropy and business ventures, his impact on the music industry and his role in shaping the careers of other artists, such as Taylor Swift, are part of his enduring legacy.
There’s a long list of major country stars to not make it far on America’s various popular singing competition series. For example, Luke Combs’ The Voice audition got him nowhere with the coaches, and Maren Morris got shot down by not just The Voice but also American Idol and America’s Got Talent.
While co-hosting radio mainstay Country Countdown USA in May, Lainey Wilson opened up about being rejected by multiple shows despite her persistence. “I finally made it on American Idol. I tried out seven times [and] I took the long way around but finally made it on American Idol [and] I never made it through… never made it past the first round,” Wilson shared.
“I also tried out for The Voice,” she added. “I’m grateful my story ended the way that it did.” Each case of being shunned furthers the legend of Wilson’s decade-plus climb to stardom. It was a chase fueled by a lifelong love of country music and a refusal to let a flood of industry types saying “no” break her resolve.
“I’ve known that this is my calling, and there’s nothing else I want to do that I can do,” she told People. “I’ve always just been like, ‘No plan B. This is it.’ I feel like that time I’ve had to prepare, I don’t know… If it happened when I wanted it to, I don’t know that I would have been ready.”Recently, persistence has paid off for Wilson through multiple hit albums as well as a shelf-full of industry awards and a regular role on Yellowstone, a popular TV series with a country and Americana-heavy soundtrack.
“I feel like country music has finally decided to love me back as much as I’ve been loving it for my whole life,” Wilson told People. “It feels good to be recognized.”
Lainey Wilson is a Grammy-winning country music singer and songwriter, celebrated for her unique blend of traditional country sound and personal storytelling. 1 Born on May 19, 1992, in Baskin, Louisiana, she grew up in a small town where her love for music was nurtured by her family. 2 Her father, a fifth-generation farmer, played guitar, while her mother, a schoolteacher, influenced her fashion sense, particularly her signature bell-bottoms. Wilson’s musical journey began at a young age, writing her first song at nine and performing at various venues, including impersonating Hannah Montana at events.
Despite facing initial struggles in Nashville, where she was often told her style was “too country,” Wilson’s perseverance paid off. Her big break came when her music was featured in the hit series Yellowstone, which significantly boosted her visibility in the country music scene. Songs like “Things a Man Oughta Know” and “Watermelon Moonshine” catapulted her to fame, leading to multiple accolades, including Entertainer of the Year at the CMA Awards. Today, Wilson is not only known for her powerful vocals but also for her engaging performances and relatable lyrics, solidifying her status as a rising star in country music.
Lainey’s Early Life
Lainey Wilson was born on May 19, 1992, in Baskin, Louisiana, a small town with a population of fewer than 300 people. Raised in a family deeply rooted in music and education, her father, Brian Wilson, was a fifth-generation farmer who played guitar, often inspiring Lainey and her older sister, Janna, to create dances to his songs. Her mother, Michelle Wilson, a schoolteacher, also played a pivotal role in shaping Lainey’s fashion sense, gifting her a pair of bell bottoms that would later become a signature part of her onstage persona. Growing up in such a nurturing environment, Lainey developed a passion for music early on, influenced by country legends like Dolly Parton and pop icons like Britney Spears.
From a young age, Lainey was determined to pursue a career in music. She began writing her first songs at the age of nine and started playing guitar at eleven. Her early performances included impersonating Hannah Montana at various events, which gave her a taste of life as a performer. After graduating high school, she moved to Nashville at just 19, fueled by her dream of becoming a country music star. However, her journey was fraught with challenges, as she faced skepticism from industry executives who considered her style “too country.” Despite these setbacks, Lainey’s perseverance and dedication to her craft laid the foundation for her eventual rise to stardom.
Struggles in Nashville
Lainey Wilson’s journey to becoming a recognized country music star was fraught with challenges. After moving to Nashville at the age of 19, she faced significant hurdles in establishing her career. Living in a Flagstaff camper trailer, she often dealt with harsh winters, sleeping in multiple layers to stay warm. Despite her determination, the music industry was unkind; executives dismissed her as “too country for country,” believing her authentic twang and heartfelt songwriting didn’t align with the pop-infused sound dominating the genre. This rejection led to many closed doors, leaving her to question her path in the competitive landscape of country music.
Undeterred by the setbacks, Wilson continued to persevere. She spent countless hours walking Nashville’s Music Row, personally handing out demos and CDs in hopes of catching someone’s attention. Her persistence paid off when she released her self-titled debut album in 2014, followed by her second album, Tougher, in 2016. While these efforts garnered some recognition, it wasn’t until her music was featured on the hit television series Yellowstone in 2019 that she began to gain traction. This pivotal moment not only showcased her talent to a broader audience but also solidified her place in the country music scene, setting the stage for her eventual breakthrough.
Breakthrough with Yellowstone
Lainey Wilson’s journey to stardom took a significant turn when her music was featured in the popular television drama Yellowstone. The show, stars Kevin Costner, introduced her songs to a broader audience, beginning with “Working Overtime” in Season 2. This exposure was pivotal, as it not only showcased her unique sound but also aligned her with the show’s themes of rural life and resilience. The series co-creator, Taylor Sheridan, recognized Wilson’s talent and subsequently included her in the show’s narrative, creating a character named Abby who mirrored her real-life persona as a musician.
The opportunity to appear on Yellowstone marked a turning point in Wilson’s career. Her on-screen presence helped solidify her identity in the country music scene, allowing fans to connect her music with a face. Wilson’s character, Abby, who has a romantic storyline with a series regular, further endeared her to viewers. This dual role as both a performer and an actress allowed Wilson to showcase her musical talents while also gaining visibility in a competitive industry. The success of her songs on the show, combined with her performance, laid the groundwork for her subsequent rise to fame, leading to multiple award nominations and wins.
Recent Achievements
Lainey Wilson has made significant strides in her career, winning New Artist of the Year at CMA Awards 2022 and recently winning her third CMA Award for Female Vocalist of the Year at the 2024 CMA Awards. This accolade not only highlights her vocal prowess but also underscores her growing influence in the country music scene. During her acceptance speech, Wilson expressed gratitude towards her family, boyfriend Devlin “Duck” Hodges, and the supportive country music community. Her heartfelt acknowledgment reflects her journey from humble beginnings to becoming a celebrated artist, showcasing the power of perseverance and community support in achieving dreams.
In addition to her CMA Award win, Wilson also took home the Music Video of the Year award for her hit song “Wildflowers and Wild Horses” from her acclaimed album *Bell Bottom Country*. Her performance during the awards ceremony, where she showcased her new single “4x4xU” from her latest album *Whirlwind*, further solidified her status as rising star in the industry. With her recent Grammy win for Best Country Album and multiple ACM Awards, 2025 Entertainer of the Year, also Wilson’s trajectory in country music continues to ascend, making her a prominent figure to watch in the years to come.
Lainey’s Boyfriend
Lainey Wilson is currently in a relationship with Devlin “Duck” Hodges, a former NFL quarterback who played for the Pittsburgh Steelers. The couple began dating in 2021 after meeting in Nashville through mutual friends. Despite keeping their relationship under wraps initially, Wilson confirmed their romance during an appearance on The Bobby Bones Show in June 2023. She expressed that she wanted to ensure Hodges was genuinely interested in her for the right reasons before making their relationship public. This level of discretion highlights Wilson’s thoughtful approach to her personal life, especially amidst her rising fame.
Hodges, who retired from football in 2022, now works in real estate and shares a deep understanding of pursuing dreams with Wilson, as he has navigated his own career challenges in the sports world. In interviews, Wilson has praised Hodges for his unwavering support, stating that he encourages her to chase her dreams without getting in the way of her ambitions. Their relationship appears to be built on mutual respect and understanding, making them a strong couple as they both pursue their respective careers in the public eye.
Lainey Wilson has made significant strides in her health and fitness journey, particularly since 2020, when she committed to a “Year of Health.” This decision marked a turning point in her lifestyle, as she aimed to prioritize her well-being both physically and mentally. Wilson implemented a strict regimen, cutting out dairy, sugar, and processed foods from her diet. Alongside these dietary changes, she hired a personal trainer to help guide her through workouts, focusing on running and hiking to enhance her fitness levels. These efforts have reportedly led to a remarkable weight loss of up to 70 pounds, showcasing her dedication to a healthier lifestyle.
The singer’s transformation has not only impacted her physical appearance but has also resonated with her fans, particularly on social media. In December 2022, a TikTok video of Wilson performing in leopard pants went viral, drawing attention to her impressive figure and newfound confidence. Embracing the spotlight, she humorously acknowledged the buzz surrounding the video, emphasizing her excitement about sharing her music and journey with her audience. Wilson’s candidness about her weight loss journey serves as an inspiration to many, proving that with determination and the right mindset, significant changes are achievable.
In the three and a half years since John Driskell Hopkins was diagnosed with ALS, his voice has slowed a beat and he struggles with balance, often using a walking stick to navigate airports and snaking backstage hallways.
But, he says with an optimistic lilt, “compared to a lot of people, I’m doing great.”
He wiggles his fingers on a video call from a dressing room in Cincinnati, where the Zac Brown Band will play that night, to show “they still work.”
Hopkins, 54, has long circled among guitar, bass, banjo and ukulele in the group, which has adapted to any changes he’s needed to make to keep his vocal or guitar parts. “I’m hoping to be out there as long as I can. Sometimes I feel like (performing) gives me more inspiration to keep going,” he says.
Though Hopkins’ form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis – also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease – is progressing slowly as it attacks his upper motor neurons that primarily affect the brain, he is accepting of a diagnosis with a lifespan that doesn’t often extend past five years. “Something could happen tomorrow and I could be paralyzed,” he says.
“But typically, if you get to five years after diagnosis, they may say this is presenting more like PLS (primary lateral sclerosis). But it’s a non-starter in the conversation because nothing has changed. It just means a lower progression rate, which I can be grateful for.”
John Driskell Hopkins pens song for his daughters
The day of Hopkins’ diagnosis in December 2021 was devastating. He and Jennifer, his wife of 17 years, had plans to take their daughters Sarah Grace and twins Lily Faith and Margaret Hope, now 16 and 13, to Callaway Gardens in their Atlanta hometown to see the annual holiday lights display.
After agonizing over the decision, the couple decided to “make the best of it” with their girls. But that night, Hopkins couldn’t sleep, haunted by the cruel reality of his diagnosis.
“I kept wondering what I could possibly say to my kids about this. You want to try to come up with this fatherly advice,” he says. “They’re kids. They haven’t been to college or gotten married. All of these things you expect a parent to help with and be there for, it was looking like I might not be there for it.”
The one thought Hopkins couldn’t shake was, “I love you forever,” which he’s turned into a song with the same title after working on it for months after his diagnosis with Zac Brown Band comrade Clay Cook.
“It’s tricky to think of things that haven’t happened yet and try to get ahead of them because you’re told your experience is going to be cut short,” he says.
The poignant piano ballad, which Hopkins released in May for ALS Awareness Month, is a valentine to his loved ones as he speak-sings lyrics such as “I don’t know how long this body will hold me/but my hope for you is you will grow old/we will be together in the ever after.”
The closing verse is especially heart-rending, as Hopkins uses his storyteller approach to quietly offer, “You girls and your mother/you have one another to hold and lean on/always know that.”
Life is slower, but ‘business as usual’
Hopkins is trying to stay busy both with music – the Zac Brown Band has a few dates through June and he continues to work on his own music, including another Christmas album – and helping others with ALS.
Three years ago, he and Jennifer started the Hop on a Cure foundation to support research to prevent and seek a cure for ALS, while also raising awareness about the disease.
Hopkins moves his hands to show the regularities of his life these days – “music, family, foundation. Music, family foundation” – and says he is as involved as possible with the daily undertakings of the organization.
“In the three years we’ve been a foundation, we’ve granted over $4 million in research projects. That’s no small feat but nowhere close enough to what we need,” he says. “We have to fund as many research projects as possible because we don’t know which one is going to hit. We’re learning a lot, but there is still no cure or treatment that will stop it.”
Despite the grim truths of his condition, Hopkins is approaching life as “slower, but business as usual.”
He took his daughters and “a busload of girls” to Olivia Rodrigo and Billie Eilish concerts last year in Atlanta and met up with his bandmates to catch Tool and Pearl Jam.
Normalcy is a challenge, but it’s become almost a self mandate.
“I do need to get more rest,” Hopkins admits. “But I don’t want to miss out on anything.”
Yes, there have been rare cases where individuals diagnosed with ALS have experienced significant recovery, sometimes referred to as “ALS reversals”. While ALS is generally considered a progressive and irreversible disease, some patients have regained lost motor functions, defying typical expectations2. Researchers are studying these cases to understand potential factors that might contribute to such reversals, including genetic variations and experimental treatments.
What factors contributed to these rare ALS reversals?
Researchers have identified a genetic mutation in the IGFBP7 gene as a potential factor in rare cases of ALS reversal2. This mutation appears to reduce the production of the IGFBP7 protein, which is linked to the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway—a pathway long studied for its potential neuroprotective effects2. Some individuals with this mutation have experienced partial or full recovery from ALS symptoms, defying the typical progression of the disease.
Scientists are now exploring whether targeting IGFBP7 could lead to new therapeutic approaches for ALS. While these reversals remain extremely rare, understanding their biological mechanisms could open doors to future treatments3.
What is the significance of the IGFBP7 gene mutation?
The IGFBP7 gene plays a crucial role in regulating insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), which influence cell growth, division, and survival. Mutations in this gene can disrupt these processes, leading to various health conditions.
For example, a specific splice-site mutation (830-1G>A) in IGFBP7 has been linked to retinal arterial macroaneurysm with supravalvular pulmonic stenosis (RAMSVPS), a disorder affecting blood vessels in the eyes and heart.
Beyond its role in vascular health, IGFBP7 is also involved in cell adhesion and extracellular matrix interactions, which may contribute to cancer progression. Additionally, recent research suggests that IGFBP7 is a key component of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), meaning it can induce cellular aging and influence immune system function.
What recent studies have explored IGFBP7’s role in diseases?
Recent studies have highlighted the multifaceted role of IGFBP7 in various diseases:
A 2024 review explored IGFBP7’s involvement in tumor progression, acute kidney injury, and reproductive processes. It examined how IGFBP7 regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration, making it a key player in disease mechanisms.
A study on ALS reversal found that a mutation in IGFBP7 is linked to rare cases where ALS patients experience partial or full recovery. Researchers suggest that inhibiting IGFBP7 could have therapeutic potential for ALS.
Another study investigated IGFBP7’s role in renal and cardiovascular outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes. Higher IGFBP7 levels were associated with increased risk of kidney disease progression and cardiovascular events.
What potential therapies target IGFBP7 based on these studies?
Several promising therapies are being explored to target IGFBP7 based on recent studies:
Vaccine Therapy for Heart Failure: Researchers have developed a vaccine targeting IGFBP7 to mitigate its harmful effects on endothelial cells in heart failure. In mouse models, this vaccine improved cardiac function by reducing IGFBP7-induced oxidative stress and enhancing insulin signaling.
Psoriasis Treatment: A study identified a subset of endothelial cells with high IGFBP7 expression that contributed to immune cell infiltration in psoriasis. Targeting IGFBP7 showed potential in restoring vascular integrity and reducing skin inflammation.
Angiogenesis and Vascular Remodeling: IGFBP7 plays a complex role in blood vessel formation. Some therapies aim to modulate its activity to enhance tissue regeneration and repair.
These findings suggest that IGFBP7 could be a viable therapeutic target for multiple conditions.
What is the efficacy of these therapies in clinical trials?
Clinical trials have explored the efficacy of IGFBP7-targeted therapies in various diseases:
Cancer Treatment: A study on metastatic melanoma found that restoring IGFBP7 function induced apoptosis in cancer cells and significantly suppressed tumor growth in mouse models.
Leukemia Research: In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), IGFBP7 was shown to prolong IGF1 receptor activation, promoting cancer progression. However, IGFBP7 knockdown or antibody neutralization reduced leukemia progression in vivo, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target.
Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer: Research indicates that high IGFBP7 expression correlates with aggressive bladder cancer and reduced immunotherapy response. Scientists are investigating IGFBP7 as a novel target for combination immunotherapy.
Finding Joy in the Routine: How Our Tuesday Movie Nights Became a Lifeline thekaregiver
Before ALS became part of our story, Tuesday nights were already spoken for—reserved for popcorn, fresh cookies out of the oven that Tony’s mom made, and our usual spots on the couch. Our weekly movie night wasn’t anything extravagant, just a little midweek ritual we looked forward to. We started it simply because we enjoyed it. Now, we hold onto it with even more appreciation.
ALS has a way of reshaping everyday life. Schedules shift. Priorities change. The pace slows down, but the emotional and physical weight increases. In the midst of all of that, our Tuesday movie night has remained a steady, comforting constant.
It gives us something to look forward to—something that isn’t an appointment or another round of logistics. It’s a mental break.
It may seem like a small thing, but having a consistent plan in the week matters so much. Especially for caregivers and people living with ALS, these kinds of traditions offer emotional relief, a sense of normalcy, and even joy.
For anyone navigating something hard: find your “movie night.” Whether it’s a show you love, a weekly game, or an ice cream date—consistency brings comfort. It doesn’t have to be big. It just has to be yours.
Our Tuesdays are still circled on the calendar. And now more than ever, we’re grateful for them.
Neurologist, Dr. Richard Bedlack, MD PhD runs the ALS Clinic at Duke Medical School. He is a pioneer in the ALS Community, leading the research into the causes of ALS reversals. As of July 29, 2020, he has confirmed 48 reversals. In this presentation, he discussed that research as well as new studies he’s conducting into Gut Health, Clenbuterol and Methycobalamin.
Ever wondered why every environmental conversation seems to circle back to fossil fuels?
Why are coal, oil, and gas—our trusty energy sources—often painted as the villains of the climate story?
Let’s take a look at the science and unpack how the burning of fossil fuels causes an increase in greenhouse gases, and why this matters more than ever today.
Most households in America use a central furnace to provide heat.
A furnace works by blowing heated air through ducts that then deliver the warm air to rooms throughout the house via air registers. Furnaces are powered by one of four fuel types: gas, electric, propane, or solar energy. As you try to choose the best fuel type for your furnace, it’s crucial that you choose the right one to achieve maximum performance.
Although the two main and most commonly known furnace fuel types are gas and electric, newer furnaces can also be fueled with propane or solar energy. Before you make the big purchase of a furnace, it’s important to determine what fuel type is best for your specific needs.
Picking the wrong one can lead to a replacement much sooner than you expected. Read on to discover more about the different fuel types for furnaces, and how you can ensure that you choose the best one.
What Are the Four Types of Furnaces?
Now that you know the risks of choosing the wrong furnace fuel type and the benefits of choosing the right one, which one should you choose? Here’s what you should know about each type:
Gas Furnaces
Gas is one of the most popular fuel types for furnaces, given that it’s generally much less expensive to operate over the long run than other types. Plus, gas furnaces generally heat houses faster than other furnace types, achieving a higher temperature during extreme cold.
One drawback of a gas furnace is that it only lasts 10 to 20 years. Plus, the installation process can be lengthy. And because gas furnaces emit a low level of carbon monoxide, the homeowner must always ensure that the furnace is well-maintained.
Regular maintenance by an HVAC professional is essential. Even so, experts recommend that if you already have a gas furnace that’s broken down, you should replace it with another gas furnace. And if you don’t have natural gas but have access to it, it’s a much easier option than getting a large propane tank installed. Curious how a gas furnace works? Inside, the fuel is mixed with air and burned.
Electric Furnaces
Many people choose electric furnaces for a variety of reasons. They’re generally less expensive to buy than gas furnaces. (However, the cost to operate an electric furnace can surpass the cost of a gas unit.) People also love that electric furnaces are mostly quiet and very durable, usually lasting 20 to 30 years.
Electric furnaces are also quick and easy to install. This carries into the life of the unit as well, considering that maintenance is so straightforward that homeowners are usually able to resolve issues with their electric furnace without calling a professional.
Propane Furnaces
People choose propane furnaces for many reasons. A propane furnace generates hotter air than an electric furnace, runs very cleanly and efficiently, and can provide all the advantages of gas heat when you don’t have access to a natural gas pipeline. In general, tanks can range in size from 200 gallons to 1,000 gallons.
Solar Energy Furnaces
In recent years, more and more people have become interested in heating their homes with solar power. Solar energy furnaces use concentrated solar power panels to produce high temperatures. A big perk of using a solar energy furnace is that energy-efficient, budget-conscious homeowners can save a lot of energy and money.
What Are Fossil Fuels and Why Do We Burn Them?
First, let’s get our basics right. Fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals, buried under layers of earth for millions of years.
They’re energy-dense, making them perfect for powering our homes, vehicles, industries, and more.
When burned, these fuels release energy. That energy is what powers everything from your morning coffee maker to the industrial machines that build skyscrapers.
Sounds great, right?
But there’s a catch—burning fossil fuels also releases greenhouse gases, and these are the main drivers of climate change.
What Are Greenhouse Gases?
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are like the Earth’s thermal blanket. They trap heat in the atmosphere, keeping the planet warm enough to sustain life.
Sounds like a good thing, right? And it is—to a point.
However, when we pump excessive amounts of GHGs into the atmosphere, it’s like throwing a heavy, extra-thick blanket on a warm night. The planet overheats, leading to global warming and its nasty side effects.
The main greenhouse gases released from burning fossil fuels include:
Carbon Dioxide: The most infamous GHG, making up the lion’s share of emissions.
Methane: A powerhouse of heat-trapping potential, often released during natural gas extraction.
Nitrous Oxide: Released in smaller amounts but far more potent than carbon dioxide.
How Burning Fossil Fuels Leads to More Greenhouse Gases
When we burn fossil fuels, the chemical reaction releases carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy.
Here’s how this works in simple terms:
The Carbon Cycle Gets Disrupted: Fossil fuels contain carbon that’s been locked away underground for millions of years. When we burn them, that carbon combines with oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide.
Excess Carbon Dioxide Overloads the Atmosphere: The Earth’s natural processes—like forests absorbing CO2—can only handle so much. Burning billions of tons of fossil fuels overwhelms this system, leading to a buildup of CO2.
Methane from Extraction: Natural gas, hailed as a “cleaner” fossil fuel, leaks methane during extraction and transport. Methane is 25 times more effective at trapping heat than CO2.
Industrial Nitrous Oxide: Activities like using fertilizers or certain industrial processes release nitrous oxide, which has a warming potential 300 times that of CO2.
In short, burning fossil fuels throws a wrench into the Earth’s delicate atmospheric balance.
The Ripple Effect of Increased Greenhouse Gases
Now you might be thinking, “So what if there’s more CO2 in the air? What’s the worst that can happen?” The answer is: plenty.
1. Global Warming:
More greenhouse gases mean more heat trapped in the atmosphere. This leads to higher global temperatures, which is why summers are hotter than ever, and winters are less predictable.
2. Melting Ice Caps and Rising Sea Levels:
The polar ice caps act like giant air conditioners for the planet. When the Earth heats up, these ice caps melt, contributing to rising sea levels and threatening coastal cities and ecosystems.
3. Extreme Weather:
From hurricanes to droughts, increased GHGs disrupt weather patterns.
Ever noticed how storms seem more intense lately? Greenhouse gases are partly to blame.
4. Ocean Acidification:
Excess CO2 doesn’t just hang out in the air; a lot of it gets absorbed by the oceans, making the water more acidic.
This threatens marine life, especially species like coral and shellfish that depend on calcium carbonate to build their shells.
Why It’s Time to Rethink Fossil Fuels
The burning of fossil fuels isn’t just an environmental issue—it’s a human issue. It affects our health, our economies, and the future of life on Earth.
But here’s the silver lining: we’re not powerless. There are sustainable alternatives like renewable energy, improved energy efficiency, and carbon capture technologies.
Each of us can contribute by reducing energy waste, supporting policies that promote sustainability, and staying informed.
FAQs About Fossil Fuels and Greenhouse Gases
1. Are all fossil fuels equally harmful?
No, they vary in impact. Coal emits the most CO2 per unit of energy, followed by oil and then natural gas.
However, even “clean” natural gas leaks methane, which is worse than CO2.
2. Can we reverse the damage caused by greenhouse gases?
To some extent, yes. Actions like reforestation, switching to renewables, and adopting sustainable lifestyles can reduce emissions. But prevention is always better than cure.
3. Why don’t we just stop using fossil fuels immediately?
It’s complicated. The global economy depends heavily on fossil fuels, and transitioning to renewables requires time, investment, and political will.
Final Thoughts
Knowing how the burning of fossil fuels causes an increase in greenhouse gases is super necessary for anyone looking to grasp the environmental challenges we face today.
While the problem is massive, solutions are within reach. It starts with awareness, followed by action—because the planet we save is the one we live on.
What Happens During the Combustion of Fossil Fuels?
Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas, are created when organic matter decays and becomes compressed beneath layer upon layer of sand, earth, rock and ocean. Interestingly, the name “fossil fuel” is actually derived from the word “fossil”: the mineralised remains of ancient creatures which once populated the earth. Burning fossil fuels yields carbon dioxide, water and energy; the process of burning fossil fuels is known as “combustion”.
The combustion reaction
During chemical reactions, energy is either absorbed into the environment (endothermic reaction) or released into the environment (exothermic reaction), and chemical bonds are broken and formed. Bond making is an exothermic process, while bond breaking is an endothermic process. Combustion reactions require oxygen. Fossil fuels are composed primarily of hydrocarbons, which are converted into carbon dioxide and water during a combustion reaction.
Of the three fossil fuels known to us, natural gas is the cleanest burning.
Coal and oil are more chemically complicated and release a cocktail of potentially harmful substances into the atmosphere when combusted. In order to detect SO2 in combustion gases, fluorescence – induced by ultraviolet light – is used. We explore further in this article: Interference-free Sulphur Analysis in Fuels.
The energy content of coal
Coal is composed primarily of carbon, water, some hydrogen and oxygen (although certain types of coal also contain small quantities of nitrogen, sulphur and a handful of other substances). The majority of the carbon found in coal is bound, meaning there is one C-C bond to every C atom. Energy release occurs when a C-C bond is broken. Roughly 43g of carbon dioxide is produced to every 23g of C burnt. If insufficient amounts of oxygen are available during combustion, carbon monoxide – a colourless, odourless and extremely dangerous gas – is produced.
Energy use, efficiency and the future
Fossil fuels represent an increasingly scarce commodity. Recently, the UN-backed Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that the unrestricted use of fossil fuels must be phased out in order to avoid catastrophic climate change. You can read more about this event in: How Much Longer Can We Depend on Fossil Fuels?
In addition to this, the burning of fossil fuels has been linked to global warming – a rise in the average temperature of the earth’s climate system. While historical, political and geographical contexts have led to the adoption of individual fuels and technologies across the globe, it is thought that 95% of the world’s energy requirement is currently met by fossil fuels.
As prices and temperatures rise, investment in greener energy sources is increasing. However, even renewable energy sources have environmental costs. Wind power, for example, requires a great deal of land, creates a great deal of noise, and can impact upon birdlife in the surrounding areas, while hydroelectricity has been linked to the destruction of farmland, dislocation of people and loss of habitat.
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The Bill for the border includes $46.5 billion for the border wall, $4.1 billion to hire Border Patrol agents and other personnel, and more than $2 billion for signing and retention bonuses for Border Patrol agents. 
