What the cruise-ship outbreaks reveal about COVID-19 – Search (bing.com)
but closed environments are also an ideal place to study how the past coronavirus behaves. When COVID-19 was detected among passengers on the cruise ship Diamond Princess, the vessel offered a rarest opportunity to understand features of the new coronavirus that are hard to investigate in the wider population.
Some of the first studies from the ship — where some 712 people were infected — out of the 3711 passengers onboard. 14 passengers had died. Having revealed how easily the virus spreads, provided estimates of the disease’s severity and allowed researchers to investigate the share of infections with no symptoms.
United States population back in January 2020 was around 330 million, therefore,
the death rate would have been approximately 1 million people if there would had
been no vaccine at all (but remember these estimates are from a cruise ship within
tight living conditions? Covid -19 tracker | Covid Vaccine map
COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Part of a series on the COVID-19 pandemic
Parts of this article (those related to crew strandings, case numbers)
need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent
events or newly available information. (March 2021)
Early in 2020, in the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, the disease spread
to a number of cruise ships, with the nature of such ships – including crowded
semi-enclosed areas, increased exposure to new environments, limited medical
resources – contributing to the heightened risk and rapid spread of the disease.[1]
The British-registered Diamond Princess was the first cruise ship to have a major outbreak on board, with the ship quarantined at Yokohama from 4 February 2020
for about a month. Of 3711 passengers and crew, around 700 people became infected
and 9 people died.[2][3]
Governments and ports responded by preventing many cruise ships from docking and advising people to avoid travelling on cruise ships. Many cruise lines suspended
their operations to mitigate the spread of the pandemic.
By June 2020, over 40 cruise ships had had confirmed positive cases of coronavirus
on board. The last cruise ship with passengers aboard during the first wave of the pandemic, Artania, docked at its home port with its last eight passengers on 8 June 2020.[a][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][excessive citations] In addition, over 40,000 crew members still remained on cruise ships, some in isolation, in mid-June 2020.[12] Many could not be repatriated because cruise lines refused to cover the cost,[13][14] and because countries had different and changing rules. The condition was stressful to many of those stranded;[15] multiple suicides were reported.[16] Domestic UK cruises, confined to ports of call in the British Isles, began to resume in May 2021.[17] United States cruises restarted back in June 2021.[18]
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Cruise ship incidents with confirmed positive cases on board
World Dream: Summary of confirmed cases on board
The cruise ship World Dream (registered in the Bahamas, operated by Dream Cruises) was on a journey from Nansha Port, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, to Nha Trang and Da Nang in Vietnam during 19–24 January 2020 with 6,903 persons on board including 108 from Hubei, in which 28 were from Wuhan.[172]
On 24 January 2020, the ship returned to Nansha Port. Port customs performed a temperature check for all disembarking passengers and crew, with 31 people sampled and tested for the virus, including those who had fever during the cruise and those who were in close contact with confirmed cases before they boarded for the cruise. All the test results were negative though some of them were later confirmed to be infected.[173]
Between 24 January 2020 and 2 February 2020, the ship made three additional cruises out of Guangzhou or Hong Kong, including two “cruises to nowhere” and one to the Philippines, although passengers from the journey were not disembarked at Manila due to local resident protests over fear on the virus.[174]
Confirmed cases.
On 2 February 2020, the ship departed from Hong Kong for Taiwan with around 3,800 persons on board. On the same night, the cruise company was notified that there were confirmed cases from the ship’s former passengers.
On the next day, the Guangdong government officially announced that three former passengers from the Vietnam journey had been confirmed infected by the novel coronavirus after they disembarked. Former passengers from the cruise in China
were told to contact local health authority and observer quarantine.[175]
As of 11 February 2020, 12 cases associated with the cruise were confirmed, including 1 ground worker who had temporarily worked on the ship, and 4 relatives of passengers.[20]
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Quarantine and preventive actions
After the Guangdong government official announcement of confirmed cases among former passengers, on 4 February 2020, Taiwan blocked the ship’s port of call in Kaohsiung due to concern on the virus. On 5 February 2020, World Dream returned to Hong Kong and all 3,800 passengers and crew on board the ship at the time were put under quarantine at Kai Tak Cruise Terminal.[176] The quarantine was lifted on 9 February 2020 after all 1,800 crew members tested negative for the virus. The majority of the passengers were not tested as they had had no contact with the infected Chinese passengers who had been on the ship during 19–24 January.[177]
Evacuation of crew members
After all passengers were disembarked, World Dream cruised to Malaysia. The crew were not allowed to leave the ship in several countries, after one passenger who had disembarked tested positive for COVID-19. The ship finally anchored near Bintan Island, Indonesia.[178] The evacuation of 188 Indonesia crew members from the cruise ship was performed by an Indonesian naval hospital ship and all tested negative for COVID-19.[179] On 28 February 2020 they were quarantined for 14 days on the uninhabited Sebaru Kecil Islet, Thousand Islands, Jakarta.[180][181]
Diamond Princess: Summary of confirmed cases on board
Main article: COVID-19 pandemic on Diamond Princess
On 4 February 2020, Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare announced that Diamond Princess,[bt] which had docked at Yokohama[bu] the previous day,[bv]
was quarantined at sea with 10 positive cases on board.[183]
Diamond Princess had originally departed from Yokohama on 20 January 2020 for a roundtrip cruise.[bz][182][184] On 20 February 2020, the World Health Organization stated that the ship accounted for more than half of the reported infections around the world outside of China.[185]
Westerdam
Westerdam on 24 November 2015
In February 2020, the Holland America Line ship MS Westerdam, departing after a stop in Hong Kong on 1 February, was not allowed to call in the Philippines, Japan, and Guam over concerns regarding coronavirus infections.[186][187] After initially receiving approval on 10 February to let the passengers disembark in Thailand, as the ship was heading to Laem Chabang port near Bangkok, permission to dock was refused the next day. However, the ship was still maintaining its course to Bangkok and at around 10:30 am CET on 11 February, Westerdam sailed around the southern tip of Vietnam.[188][189][190]
According to Flip Knibbe, a Dutch passenger on the ship, all the passengers had their temperatures checked a second time. Speaking to NOS on 11 February, Knibbe said
“Dit schip is virusvrij“: ‘This ship is virus-free’. Unlike Diamond Princess, those on board were not in quarantine. Everyone could move freely, shops and restaurants were open and the entertainment programme continued.[190]
After Westerdam was refused at several points of call, on 13 February, the ship was allowed to dock in Sihanoukville, Cambodia.[191] At this point, only the 20 passengers
who reported feeling ill were tested, and all of them tested negative.[192][193]
On 15 February, Malaysia reported that an 83-year-old US citizen who disembarked from Westerdam and flew into Malaysia on 14 February had tested positive for SARS-
CoV-2.[194][195][196] In a second test, requested by both the Holland America Line and Cambodian authorities the woman tested positive again.[197][192][193][195][198]
Despite findings, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen visited the ship, discouraged use
of masks, and encouraged the passengers to tour the city, sparking concerns that another spoke was being added to the contagion network.[199] Westerdam passengers were later denied entry to Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan, and other countries.[200]
On 22 February, after treatment with antiviral medications that were speculated
to have an effect against COVID-19, the woman’s medical condition improved and she
was tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) initially stated that the woman had never been infected by SARS-CoV-2, but withdrew the claim, clarifying that the CDC “[has] no visibility on whether the initial test of the woman was anything other than positive”.[201] Due to possible background politics, it is uncertain whether these results were a false negative,[202] or whether the passenger cleared the virus from her system after 72 hours of intensive treatment.[203]
SOURCES: COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships – Wikipedia
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