Does Science Really Contradict Religion 0r Vice Versa.
My first cousin, Alan Lee King 75, of Lebanon, died Thursday April 25, 2013.
Born November 2, 1937, in Dayton, OH to Ralph J. and Josephine (nee: Goubeaux)
King, he was a graduate of Resurrection Grade School and Chaminade High School.
He participated in Adult Education classes at the University of Dayton and NCR, where
he was employed for 34 years. A strong sports advocate, he especially enjoyed PGA golf at Firestone CC, Ohio State Football, UD Baseball, and the Cincinnati Reds. He could never figure out why Cincinnati still had the Bengals.
Alan always liked me mostly Before his death because our 19th Hole golf talk always got deep and one day it was about DNA and being relatives. As we talked, we came to realize
at similar points in our lives. We made the similar decisions that influenced our lives in similar directions, we thought was it a coincidence or was it that the DNA Code written up in our body was the same.
Luckily for me, so far, I haven’t had open heart surgery at the age of 54 and a second one
at 74 years of age. Although his father died at 79 years of age of a heart event on January 7. 1990, Exactly two years after the date he lost his mother.
Ralph J King (1910-1990) – Find a Grave Memorial
In the 1860s, Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher discovered human DNA.
This revelation helped scientists unlock secrets about our ancient ancestors.
Even in 2018, researchers were making new discoveries. This particular excavation revealed several ancient secrets, including a previously unknown group of ancient humans.
Two 11,500-Year-Old Skeletons
In 2018, archaeologists unearthed the skeletons of two Native American infants.
Both were 11,500 years old and part of the same family. These were not normal skeletons. They were well-preserved enough to inform scientists about early humans. In fact, they provide information about the first humans to ever visit North America.
Coming up: How ancient humans traveled to North America from Africa.
Researchers Traveled to A Remote Area in Alaska.
In the early 2000s, anthropology professor Ben Potter began working in Upward Sun River, Alaska. The is forested area is 50 miles from Fairbanks and can only be reached
by helicopter. Despite the difficult terrain, Potter had good reason for excavating there.
That part of Alaska was originally connected to Europe and Africa.
What Is Beringia?
A map shows what Beringia would have looked like, and how humans might have traveled along it. When Pangea began breaking up, some strips of land still connected the continents.
The earliest known humans were born in Africa, but they migrated across the world. Beringia was the bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska. Many archaeologists believe that the first North American humans came from that bridge, over 34,000 years ago.
However, this was just a theory.
The Beringian Standstill Hypothesis
A portrait shows an Arikara man published in Volume V of The North American Indian (1909). Although many historians believe that early humans crossed Beringia, they do not know who did so. One theory, called the Beringian standstill hypothesis, attempts to answer this. The hypothesis says that the “Ancient Beringia’s” lived on Beringia in isolation due to the ice and harsh climate. If this is true, the Beringia’s might be the sole ancestors of all Native Americans, according to archaeologist Jennifer Raff.
To learn about Potter’s first discovery in Alaska, stick around.
In Fact, Natives Still Live Near Upward Sun River
Athabascan Indian Jack Hobson is photographed.
Luis Sinco/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images
The name “Upward Sun River ” is a translation from the Athabascan Aasaan’,
the language of the Native Americans who still live in Alaska. It is part of their territory. Potter collaborated with the Natives for his excavations. Usually, they are very protective of their burial grounds; however, they understood the importance of Potter’s work and offered to help him.
Archaeologists dig for artifacts in Alaska.
In 2010, Potter and other researchers from the University of Alaska searched Upward Sun River. They discovered the cremated remains of a three-year-old child. At 11,500 years old, this discovery was exceptionally rare. Unfortunately, the skeleton was not preserved enough to extract DNA from. Scientists could not even figure out the gender.
Soon, you’ll witness the discovery of two infant skeletons.
An aerial view shows Mount Redoubt in Alaska.
Wolfgang Kaehler/Light Rocket via Getty Images
Despite The Letdown, Potter Didn’t Give Up
Despite their limited success, Potter and his team did not give up. They continued to excavate in that area for eight more years. Then, Potter and his colleagues, José Víctor Moreno Mayar and Lasse Vinner, found their big break. They unearthed a burial site
in an area of Alaska that was around 15,000 years old.
There, Potter and his team discovered two infant skeletons. One seemed to be a stillborn; the other was between six and 12 weeks old. Like the three-year-old, the two seemed to have been cremated, as their remains rested on a fire pit. However, these remains were much more preserved and easier to identify.
Who were these two babies?
The Burial Ground Was Well-Preserved
An archaeologist picks up an artifact from a burial ground as another archaeologist points at another. The two infants were buried beneath multiple items and covered in red ochre. This ochre, which was likely part of the funeral process, further preserved the skeletons. The babies were also buried beneath a mixture of sand and soil. This high-acidity mixture is ideal for conservation. Clearly, the people who buried them loved them dearly.
Who Were the Two Girls?
In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas – The New York Times (nytimes.com)
DNA testing revealed that both infants were girls and that they were both related, possibly first cousins. The stillborn died at 30 weeks old, having never gotten the chance to live. The local Native community named the girls Xach’itee’aanenh T’eede Gaay”
(Sunrise Girl-Child) and “Yełkaanenh T’eede Gaay” (Dawn Twilight Girl-Child).
Coming up: why scientists could not study Potter’s first discovery.
Other Items Were in The Grave, too.
Paleolithic stone spear heads are laid out.
This gravesite was clearly important to the mourners.
Archaeologists discovered many other items in the grave, such as antler and spear points.
Both girls were buried together in a joint funeral. However, Sunrise Girl (the six-week-old infant) seemed to be better preserved and served as the basis for most of the DNA results.
A diagram portrays the mitochondria.
What, Exactly, Were the Researchers Studying?
To examine the DNA, geneticists had to dig into the mitochondria. Science students remember the mitochondria as “the powerhouse of the cell” because, without it, cells die. Every cell in the body contains DNA, and the mitochondria is responsible for running cells. Hence, the scientists need undamaged cells to examine–which is easier said than done.
Here’s Why They Couldn’t Study the Three-Year-Old.
A researcher holds up a test tube with a DNA sample they’re studying. Old bones are not guaranteed to have live cells. If scientists want to examine DNA, they need a thick enough bone that is decently preserved. Usually, researchers test the petrous bone, which is at the base of the skull. Because the three-year-old’s bones were too damaged, researchers could not test the DNA. But with the two infants, they could.
Up next: how scientists revealed a previously-unknown ancient human.
What Came from The DNA Tests?
A researcher picks up a vial of DNA for forensic testing.
The first round of DNA tests, performed at the University of Alaska, revealed the ethnicity of Sunrise Girl. According to the results, she was closely related to Native Americans, but in a distinct way. Scientists believe that her DNA is far older than any previously tested remains. In other words, she is a previously unknown genetic population of Native Americans.
They Revealed a New Ancient Human.
An illustration shows Native Americans from multiple different tribes, 1800.
This previously-unknown DNA, which scientists dubbed USR1, dates back at
least 20,000 years and possibly as far back as 34,000.
Eske Willerslev, the study’s co-author and professor at the University of Copenhagen, says that they are the oldest known Native Americans to date. “It changes our understanding of the timing of events that formed the genetics of Native Americans,” Willerslev told CNN Health. Despite being related, the two girls were from different ancient groups…
They Might Be Ancient Beringia’s.
Sunrise Girl’s DNA lends credence to the Beringian standstill hypothesis.
Scientists believe that she might be an Ancient Beringian that experts had only theorized about beforehand. “We think the explanation for this pattern, the one that requires the least movement, was that Native Americans were somewhere in Beringia 20,000 years ago,” explained Victor Moreno Mayar, another author of the study. – Bing video
But The Two Girls Had Different DNA ~
A researcher holds a vial of sample DNA.
The first DNA analysis was done on the six-week-old’s skull. Geneticists expected the second infant to have similar DNA. But surprisingly, she didn’t. Dawn Twilight Girl, the stillborn, was examined at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She had an entirely different maternal lineage compared to her first cousin, and the lineages were not related.
Researchers Say There Were Two Branches Of Native Americans.
In 1894, a party of Native Americans traveled through the snow.
Geneticists have separated Native Americans into two branches: Northern and Southern. The Northern group came from East Asia and likely inhabited North America, including Alaska and Canada. At some point, the group split and the Southern Native Americans migrated to South America. They all descended from the Ancient Beringians, but the separation created variations in their DNA.
The Two Infants Had Different Ethnicities.
In simpler terms, DNA tests indicate that both girls belonged to two separate groups. Sunrise Girl belonged to the Ancient Beringia’s, while Dawn Twilight Girl came from another ethnicity, one more closely related to the Northern Native Americans.
This begets the question: how did these two groups of people end up in the same place at the same time?
However, Sunrise Girl Belongs To A Mysterious Third Group.
Surprisingly, Sunrise Girl did not belong to either of these groups. This means that
the Ancient Beringians split into at least three groups, if not more. With demographic modeling, scientists estimated that Native Americans left East Asia 36,000 years ago.
By 20,000 years ago, this group split.
But if they split, why were these two infants buried together?
A 19th century artist portrays the faces of many different Native Americans.
All Groups Split Off from One.
When did the Beringia’s split? Read on to learn some theories.
In the study, archaeologists hypothesized that the two groups stuck together at least once–hence why the girls were related. They proposed two possibilities for this. The Beringia’s might have split before crossing the bridge, only to reunite later. Or, the Beringia’s might have separated after crossing. Potter prefers the latter theory.
Did the First Americans Arrive by Land or by Sea? – The Atlantic
A map shows how humans traveled across Beringia.
Roxanne Songbird Anderson/Pinterest
Beringia. Potter Theory @ The Atlantic magazine – Search (bing.com)
Potter has a theory for how these two groups came together.
During an interview with The Atlantic, Potter suggested that both groups independently crossed Beringia. Perhaps they traveled on different paths at separate times.
Usually, this theory would seem a bit far-fetched. But there is some evidence to back it up.
To see why some experts, disagree with Potter’s findings, stick around.
Support For Potter’s Theory.
In 2017, archaeologists examined the Bluefish Caves in Canada’s Yukon Territory. According to a study on these caves, scientists found evidence of human-cut markings that were 24,000 years old. If this is accurate, as Raff believes it is, then humans had crossed Beringia at least 24,000 years ago. That was over a decade before the two girls were born.
Still, There Are Many Unanswered Questions.
An illustration shows how the ancient Beringia’s might have lived.
Although the discovery of the girls proved many hypotheses, it also raised several questions.
What happened to the Beringia’s?
How did they get to Siberia in the first place? – Search (bing.com)
Given how rare these findings are, it is unlikely that these questions will be answered soon.
And to make things more complicated, not all experts are on board with Potter’s theories.
Some Experts Argued Against Potter’s Conclusions.
A woman holds up a dropper filled with DNA samples to study..
The main argument against this finding is just that: It’s a single finding.
Dennis O’Rourke, a geneticist and archaeologist, says that the one sample is not enough evidence to study the entire human population. “We could know something about the extent of diversity in this early Beringian population with greater certainty if we had multiple genomes,” O’Rourke told The Smithsonian Magazine. Despite how long Upward River burial grounds are, they are not old enough. Stay tuned to learn why.
However, These Findings Are Exceptionally Rare.
An archaeologist excavated it in 1992.
But finding more than one sample is easier said than done.
“It’s hard to impress upon you how rare they are,” Potter told The Atlantic. According to co-researcher Willerslev, before this finding, scientists only had modern-day Alaskans & Siberians to study this genome. Without more samples, nobody will know where the Beringia’s came from.
Plus, Upward River Is Too Young for Ancient Humans.
Despite the age of Upward River’s burial grounds, archaeologist Brian T. Wygal claims that it is too young to understand early humans.
“The earliest proven trace of human activity in eastern Beringia dates to around 14.1-thousand-years-ago,” Wygal explained, “making the Upward Sun River site nearly 3,000 years too young to be representative of the initial human colonization of the New World.”
What Happened to The Beringia’s?
Research reveals evidence of new population of ancient Native Americans | UAF news and information
An illustration shows an Native American chief from the 18th century.
After Potter’s study was released–which is in the scientific journal Nature–many have asked what happened to the Beringians. “We don’t know,” Potter told CNN. Again, this question needs more evidence to answer. However, Potter plans to take DNA samples from the neighboring residents. Since scientists know what Beringian DNA looks like, they can determine if the gene still exists in Natives.
Soon: Why Beringian blood might exist in modern-day Native Americans.
In this 1850 painting, a Native American hunts bison.
What Were The Beringia’s Like? – Search (bing.com)
Research has revealed a snapshot of the Beringia’s life.
According to Potter, they were expert hunters, eating bison, elk, rabbits, squirrels, and birds. They likely hunted through organized parties. Potter also found evidence of “salmon exploitation” dating back 6,000 years, meaning that the Beringia’s likely fished and traded as well. They Might Have Evolved Into Modern Native Americans.
A line of ancient people travels to hunt.
Potter suggested that the Beringian gene might have assimilated into the indigenous peoples of Alaska. This is a natural consequence of evolution. “It is possible that incoming Athabaskan ancestors, who are widespread throughout the region today, replaced or absorbed the Ancient Beringia’s inhabiting that area,” Potter claimed.
If that is true, many people might have Beringian blood and not even know it.
Next: Chris Long, a resident of Reno, Nevada, had his DNA become identical to
a German man who was ten years younger than him. How did this happen?
And what does this mean for future DNA tests?
Read the story that has baffled scientists from around the world.
The Life-Threatening Diagnosis.
In 2015, specialists diagnosed Chris Long with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. But to Chris, those scientific terms translated to blood cancer. The father of two had abnormal tumor growth in his bone marrow, which infected his blood cells. Those who have acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have a 24% chance of survival. The only treatment is to combine chemotherapy with a bone marrow transplant.
While Chris considered his options,
he understood that his future seemed bleak.
What Is A Bone Marrow Transplant?
During a bone marrow transplant:
cancerous bone marrow is replaced with healthy marrow. Because bone marrow creates red and white blood cells, patients require an operation before their blood becomes too unhealthy. Before Chris could receive the transplant, he had to undergo chemo to destroy the harmful cells. Then, he had to find a donor whose cells would not attack his body. Doing so was difficult, but fortunately, there are plenty of donors around the world.
Finding The Right Donor Is Harder Than It Sounds.
However, finding a bone marrow donor is more complicated than finding a blood donor.
To find a match, doctors examine donors’ human leukocyte antigen (HLA). HLA is a protein that the immune system uses to know which cells are yours and which are not. Each person has six different HLA markers.
Doctors can pinpoint your HLA through a DNA test by swabbing the inside of your cheek. If the six markers line up, the donor’s cells will not be “foreign” to the patient’s immune system.
An Unusual Bargain.
Fortunately, Chris found his donor quickly–an anonymous man from Germany.
At the time, Chris worked as an information technology employee at the Washoe County sheriff’s department in Reno, Nevada. They were a world apart.
Chris’s sad diagnosis spread around his office. When the news reached them, forensic scientists of Washoe County took an interest in his case. They offered Chris an unusual opportunity that would challenge the scientific community only a couple of years later.
Keep reading to see how Chris’s DNA transformed.
Can Your DNA Change?
Renee Romero, who led the crime lab at Washoe County, heard about Chris’s situation through a colleague. The situation raised a question that Renee had been mulling over: would a bone marrow transplant change Chris’s DNA? Renee spoke to Chris about the opportunity to partake in an experiment. “We need to swab the heck out of you before
you have this procedure to see how this DNA takes over your body,” she remembered telling him.
A Human Guinea Pig.
After hearing Renee’s proposal, Chris agreed. He welcomed the distraction from his fatal diagnosis and his difficult path to recovery. During the conversation, he reportedly told Renee, “I don’t even know if I will live.” Regardless, Chris began the joint experiment. Acting as a human guinea pig, Chris allowed the scientists to take samples of his DNA before he underwent surgery. The scientists would continue to monitor Chris’s DNA throughout his remission and recovery.
Results Came Faster Than Expected.
After his bone marrow transplant, Chris spent four years in remission. But Renee and
her crime lab colleagues monitored him throughout his journey. Four months in, they analyzed Chris’s blood. His German donor’s DNA had replaced the genetic code in his blood. The scientists also swabbed Chris’s cheek, lip, and tongue.
The DNA in these areas was replaced by the donor’s as well.
How Chris Long Transformed Into Another Person. – Search (bing.com)
The DNA swapping was already accelerating faster than the forensic scientists had expected. The forensic scientists tracked Chris’s DNA samples over four years.
Within months, swabs of his arms, legs, body, and face had been replaced by his donor’s DNA. Oddly, these findings fluctuated throughout the study. Some swabs contained both Chris’s and his donor’s DNA. An even more surprising find was that Chris’s semen had its DNA replaced. By the end of the four years, every area of his body had new DNA except for his chest and head hair.
The Shock Of A Lifetime.
These findings baffled the forensic scientists at the Washoe County sheriff’s office.
No one expected Chris’s DNA to be entirely overtaken by his donor. As criminalist
Darby Steinmetz said, “We were kind of shocked that Chris was no longer present at all.”
Chris was also shocked about the findings–but not to the point of despair. He told the New York Times, “I thought it was pretty incredible that I can disappear and someone else can appear.” Coffee With a Criminalist Podcast Launches From Washoe County Sheriff’s Office (forensicmag.com)
You may listen to “Coffee with a Criminalist” on multiple platforms
Podbean: https://coffeewithacriminalist.podbean.com/
Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0pcPbUZHn9LzGVRsRe13cm…
Google: https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/4SnACJ6ABpuB9mqRfVnXeR…
Amazon: https://music.amazon.com/…/a5370f73-c926-427d-9398…
Apple — coming soon!
He Is A Real-Life Chimera.
So what happened to Chris? The bone marrow transplant had made Chris a chimera–the scientific term for people with two sets of DNA. The term stems from the monster in Greek mythology that was a hybrid of three animals. Before Chris’s study, forensic scientists knew that specific medical procedures cause chimerism. But they never researched where the donor’s DNA replaced the patient’s in the body. The fact that 99% of Chris’s
DNA had changed raised questions among the medical community.
This Has Been Studied Before.
Chimerism from bone marrow transplants has been researched before.
In 2004, research in Bone Marrow Transplantation reported that marrow transplants replace at least some of the patient’s blood DNA. Even blood transplants temporarily replace DNA in the patient’s blood. However, these studies have only analyzed DNA changes in blood. Before the study on Chris, scientists have not tested how a patient’s DNA changes in the rest of their body.
In this sense, his case defied all expectations.
Will Chris Remain The Same Person?
Transplant patient’s DNA is ‘replaced’ his donor’s (yahoo.com)
The implications of Chris’s case reached scientists far beyond Nevada.
One nagging question was: would Chris remain the same person with someone else’s DNA? Dr. Andrew Rezvani, the blood and marrow transplant professional at Stanford University, says yes. “Their brain and their personality should remain the same,” he told the Independent. He added that, if Chris’s donor were female, it would not convert him to the female sex.
“It doesn’t matter,” Dr. Rezvani stated simply.
For The Doctors, This Isn’t An Issue.
Although medical doctors understand the DNA change, they don’t see it as an issue.
As long as the transplant is successful, the change does not create any medical problems.
The patient’s medical history and mind do not change.
So, what’s the issue?
For Renee and her colleagues, the DNA change does matter. As forensic scientists,
they viewed Chris’s case from the perspective of combating crime, and they knew
that the DNA change could mean life or death for some.
Brittney Chilton, a criminalist of the forensic science division,
…But It Could Throw Off Criminal Investigations.
says that this DNA change could mislead investigators.
It could result in someone being falsely accused of a crime they didn’t do.
This Health Marker May Reveal Whether You Are A Rapid Ager (msn.com)
For forensic scientists, Chris’s DNA change uncovered a new host of problems. When criminal investigators hunt down criminals, they rely on DNA swabs to lead to one person. What will happen if the DNA links to two people, one in Nevada and one ten years younger in Germany?
This Mix-Up Has Happened Before.
In 2004, criminal investigators in Alaska thought they had caught a criminal when they uploaded a DNA sample to a database. There was just one problem: the man was in jail at the time of the crime. But DNA samples are flawless, right?
It turned out that the criminal’s brother had received a bone marrow transplant.
He was convicted, and a year later, crime detection scientist Abirami Chidambaram
presented the case in 2005. It’s the exact dilemma that Chilton was talking about.
But That’s Not The Only Problem.
In 2008, research scholar Yongbin Eom tried to identify a victim of a car accident in Seoul, South Korea. His DNA showed that he was female–but his body was male. It turned out that the victim received a bone marrow donation from his daughter.
Chimeras have two sets of DNA: their original DNA and their donor’s DNA. This may prevent medical investigators from properly identifying a body. According to Chilton, chimeras create another issue for the medical community.
How Have Scientists Not Caught This Before?
Every year, thousands of people receive bone marrow transplants. The surgery is commonly recommended for patients with leukemia, sickle cell anemia, and lymphoma. Then how did this dilemma not surface before?
Here’s the thing: it has.
Bone marrow transfusions have interrupted criminal investigations before. Renee’s study was the first in-depth research to explore DNA changes from a scientific perspective. The team presented Chris’s case at the international forensic science conference in September of 2019.
Chimeras May Be Common (And in Trouble).
Studies suggest that chimerism may occur in 21% of triplets and 8% of twins.
But these results don’t explain how common the condition may be. If these chimera news stories hadn’t come out, many people wouldn’t know that chimerism even exists. Most people don’t take a paternity test to make sure that they’re related to their biological family. As a result, many people could be chimeras and never know it. It only becomes an issue when a person’s life is on the line.
Parents Could Lose Their Children.
In some instances, chimerism may separate families. In 2002, Lydia Fairchild applied
for child support. But the DNA tests said that she wasn’t related to her children.
During the case, she became pregnant with her third child–and the child still
exhibited different DNA while in the womb!
Even though a judge arranged for a witness to be present for her third child’s birth, the courts held her DNA tests above her doctor’s testimony. Luckily, she was diagnosed as a chimera; otherwise, she would have lost her children.
What About Their Offspring?
Long’s case raised another question. If a patient’s DNA changed, and they had a child, would they create someone else’s child? Renee surveyed three bone marrow transplant specialists for the answer to this question.
Although the experts agreed that it is an intriguing question, they highly doubted that a child’s DNA would change. “There shouldn’t be any way for someone to father someone else’s child,” reported Dr. Rezvani. After all, a donor’s blood cells should not create new sperm cells.
Could Chris Have His Donor’s Child?
If sperm isn’t usually affected by transplants, why did Chris’s change?
According to Mehrdad Abedi, the doctor who treated Chris, his semen change likely resulted from his vasectomy. The fact that sperm couldn’t move meant that their DNA would change. If Chris hasn’t had a vasectomy, would the same result occur?
We don’t know, and the scientists can’t test this on Chris. DNA analyses of sperm have shown the donor’s DNA instead of the patient’s before. Time will tell. It’s happened before. When Abirami Chidambaram worked for the Alaska State Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory in Anchorage, he heard about one such scenario.
As she told the NYT, a victim of sexual assault reported her attacker to the police. But the authorities were skeptical because the analysis showed DNA from two different attackers, not one. Eventually, the police determined that the second profile had come from her bone marrow donor.
Now, as in Long’s case, if someone like him committed a sex crime, with investigators collecting semen samples — could the bone marrow donor be arrested for the crime if their DNA shows up positively?
Again, this case is incredibly rare. A donor’s cells shouldn’t be able to create new sperm cells. Dr. Mehrdad Abedi, the doctor at the University of California, Davis, who treated Long, believes his semen contained his donor’s DNA due to Long’s vasectomy. Still, future forensic scientists and detectives alike have a lot to consider, as our understanding of the capabilities of DNA evolves.
Human chimeras don’t only result from bone marrow transplants.
Chimeras Can Occur Naturally.
For instance, there’s a case of a “vanishing twin,” where one fraternal embryo dies early on. The remaining embryo absorbs the twin’s DNA, resulting in two sets of DNA in the child. During pregnancy, some women may retain some DNA from their baby. This phenomenon, called micro chimerism, occurs in around 63% of women, even those over 94 years old. The New York Times says that micro chimerism is “very common, if not universal.”
But Identifying Chimeras Is Very Difficult.
To make matters worse, it’s not easy to tell if someone is a chimera. In 2015, parents discovered that their newborn’s blood type and DNA did not match their parents’. They assumed that the clinic had used the wrong sperm. Stanford geneticist Barry Starr recommended that the couple take a genetics test. Oddly, the test said that the father was the child’s uncle. “Human chimerism is very common, but exquisitely difficult to identify, coming to light almost exclusively by accidents like this,” biologist Charles Boklage told Buzzfeed News.
How This Study Impacted The Future.
Chris’s case has changed many peoples’ opinions about DNA tests. Before, DNA tests were considered infallible in the courtroom. But the study suggests that common conditions may make DNA exams less foolproof than we assumed. Chimeras have no issues in terms of health or medicine, but they create stumbling blocks for criminal investigators who rely on DNA tests to catch a perpetrator. With chimera cases coming to light, forensic scientists will have to redefine how they analyze DNA evidence.
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